Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

(ME 439)

Instructor Dr. Muhammad Asif

Lecture 5

Chapter 2 (Air-Conditioning Systems)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

https://giki.edu.pk/personnel/dr-muhammad-asif/
4. According to the fluid media used in
thermal distribution system
• All air –system
• Single duct, single zone (constant volume)
• Single duct, multiple zone systems (constant volume)
• Single duct, multiple zone system (variable volume)
• Dual-duct systems
• All water system
• Air-water system

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 All Air System
• Air is used as the media that transport energy
from the conditioned space to the (AHU) or A/C
plant

• Offers greatest potential for energy conservation

by utilizing outdoor air effectively

• Using dual duct, it is possible to provide

simultaneous cooling and heating

• Ducting occupies more space and involve high

cost of ducting (Pros) 3
 Single duct, single zone, constant volume

Application:

- Spaces with uniform loads, such as large open areas with small external

loads, e.g. theatres, auditorium, departmental stores

- Spaces requiring precision control such as laboratories

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 Single duct, multiple zone, constant volume

Disadvantages:

- High energy consumption for

cooling, as the air is first
cooled to a very low
temperature and is then
heated in the reheat coils

- Simultaneous cooling and

heating is not possible

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 Single duct, Multiple zone, variable volume

Advantages:
- Low energy consumption in the cooling system as air is not
cooled to very low temperatures and then reheated as in
constant volume systems
- Low energy consumption also results due to lower fan power
input due to lower flow rate, when the load is low 6
Dual duct, Multiple zone, constant volume

 Zone thermostats may be set once to

control year-round temperature conditions
 Mixing of hot and cold air in dual-duct
systems generally causes them to be
energy inefficient
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 All water System
• The fluid used in the thermal distribution system is water, i.e. water
transports energy between the conditioned space and the air
conditioning plant

 greatest advantage of the all-water system is its flexibility for adaptation to many
building module requirements and for remodeling work
 requires no ventilation air ducts, easy to install in existing structures
 utilizing water in pipes instead of air ducts, its use results in considerable space
savings throughout the building.
 this type may not meet today’s stringent indoor air quality (IAQ)
standards required by building codes
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 Air water System

Air and water are used for providing required conditions in the conditioned space

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Selection Criteria for Air Conditioning Systems

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 Components of HVAC systems:
• Fans or air handlers for moving air with associated
• Dampers and filters

• Pumps for moving heated or chilled water and

appropriate control valves

• Heat exchangers for transferring energy from one fluid

stream to another

• Flow measuring and control devices

• Chillers and furnace or boiler equipment

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Fans or air handlers

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Mixing Dampers

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Chillers

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Coil, Heating/Cooling

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Cooling towers

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Boilers

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 Heat Recovery systems

1- Rotating wheel HRS

2- Air-to water HRS
3- Air to Air HRS

 air-to-air and rotating systems are effective in

recovering energy but require that the intake and
exhaust to the building be at the same location
unless ducting is utilized

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 Heat Pumps
• Heat pumps move temperature from a source (ground,
air or water) to a designation (your community building)
in order to provide heating or cooling
• They work in the same way as your fridge
• Different types of heat pump

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Heat Pumps – Reverse refrigeration

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 Objective is to provide (central cooling and heating) to an office building with two
different zone
 All air system
 Cooling through direct expansion
 Heating through hot water coil

Schematic draw the equipment

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 Heating in the rooms

 Water-air system

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 When the water leaving the
cooling coil is lower than the
desired temperature, the control
valve will lower the chilled water
flow rate.
 When the water leaving the
cooling coil is higher than the
desired temperature, the control
valve will raise the chilled water
flow rate.

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• Practice Exercise Problem of Chapter 2
(2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9,
2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17,
2.19, 2.20)

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