SENSOR & INSTRUMENTATION

BOE 034
 Course Outcomes (CO’s)
After understanding this subject students will be able to /do
CO1:
Apply the use of sensors for measurement of displacement, force and
pressure.
CO2:
Employ commonly used sensors in industry for measurement of
temperature, position, accelerometer, vibration sensor, flow and
level.
CO3:
Demonstrate the use of virtual instrumentation in automation
industries.
CO4:
Identify and use data acquisition methods.
CO5:
Comprehend intelligent instrumentation in industrial automation.
 Dr. Jugul Kishore Gupta
M. Manish
B.Tech 3 Lesson Plan for Lecture Series Mr. Navneet Sharma
Mr. Rajnesh Kr. Singh
Sensor & Instrumentation (KOE034) Ms. Geetanjali Raj
Mr. Rajeev Pandey
Date
S.No. UNIT Name of the Topic as given in the Syllabus No. of Lectures
Planned
1 Definition, Classification & selection of sensors , Measurement of displacement using Potentiometer 1 07-Jul-22

2 1 LVDT & Optical Encoder, 1 08-Jul-22

Measurement of force using strain gauge, Measurement of pressure using LVDT based diaphragm &
3 1 14-Jul-22
piezoelectric sensor
4 Measurement of temperature using Thermistor, Thermocouple & RTD, Concept of thermal imaging 1 15-Jul-22
Measurement of position using Hall effect sensors, Inductive & Capacitive Proximity sensor, Use of
5 2 1 16-Jul-22
proximity sensor as accelerometer and vibration sensor
6 Flow Sensor using Ultrasonic & Laser, Level sensor using Ultrasonic & Capacitive 1 18-Jul-22

7 Graphical programming techniques, Data types, Advantage of Virtual Instrumentation techniques 1 01-Aug-22

8 3 Concept of WHILE & FOR loops, Arrays, Clusters & graphs 1 02-Aug-22
Case, Sequence Stucture & Formula nodes, Need of software based instruments for industrial
9 1 03-Aug-22
automation.
10 Basic block diagram, Analog and Digital IO, Counters, Timers, 1 04-Aug-22

11 4 successive approximation and sigma-delta ADC 1 05-Aug-22

Weighted Resistor, R-2R Ladder type & Inverted R-2R DAC, Use of Data Sockets for Networked
12 1 08-Aug-22
Communication.
13 General Structure of smart sensors & its components 1 09-Aug-22

14 5 Self calibration, Self-testing & self-communicating 1 10-Aug-22

15 Application of smart sensors: Automatic robot control, Automobile engine control. 1 11-Aug-22
 L1
Contents for 1st Lecture
Measurement System
Introduction & Definition of Sensor & Transducer
Selection & Classification of Sensors
 Measurement System:
The term measurement system includes all components in chain
of hardware and software that leads from the measured
variable to proceeds the data

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PRESSURE GAUGE Pointer & Scale work as:
Data presentation element:
Spring work as: Will display the conversion for human observation
Data conversion element:
Will convert the force into the motion

Linkage work as:

Variable manipulation element:
Will convert the motion into the motion

Piston rod work as:

Data transmission element:
Will transmit the force appeared on
the piston

Liquid Pressure
Piston work as: measurand quantity
Primary sensing Element:
Sense liquid pressure
Variable conversion element: Measured
Convert Pressure into Force Medium is liquid
Advantage of sensor in instrumentation
Sensor has the following advantage
Reduce the requirement of skilled and
experienced labors
Ultra precision can be achieved
Reduce down time
Alarm the failure of any subsystem
 Definition of Sensor & Transducer
Input
Sensor Output

The sensor sense the condition state or value of the process variable
and produce an output which reflects this condition state or value.

A sensor is the input transducer with non-electrical input indented to

convert nonelectrical quantity into electrical signal in order to
measure that quantity. For example a thermocouple which is a
temperature sensor converts nonelectrical that is temperature signal
into an electrical quantity that is voltage.
 Definition of Sensor & Transducer

The transducers transform the energy of the process variable to an

output of some other type of energy which is able to operate some
control devices.
The transduction process or function represents the characteristics
or properties of the device used for energy conversion. For example
the diaphragm in microphone converts the vibration generated by
sound wave into the electrical signal. This property of diaphragm is
known as transduction function or process.
 Actuator
The actuator is output transducer with an electrical input indented to
convert an electrical quantity into nonelectrical signal in order to
control that quantity. For example an electrical pump or motor converts
the electrical signal that is voltage into the nonelectrical output that is
rotational motion.
Classification of sensor
Based on
Transduction principle

Primary input quantity (ie measurand)

Material & Technology

Application

Property

Cost & accuracy

Classification of sensor on the basis of
their application

• Displacement, position, & proximity Sensor

• Velocity and motion

• Force

• Fluid pressure
Classification of sensor on the basis of
their application (Cont.)

• Liquid flow

• Liquid level

• Temperature
Classification of sensor on the basis of their Property:
Property Vs Technology
Classification of sensor on the basis of their Property:
Property Vs Technology
Classification of sensor on the basis of their Technology:
Technology Vs Application
Basic sensor Requirement
Minimal disturbance in the measurand quantity
Sensitive to the specific measurand and insensitive to
other varying parameter

Desirable sensor characteristics

Ruggedness
Repeatability (under same environment condition)
No hysteresis
Linearity
Calibration stability (w.r.t. environment variations)
Dynamic response (faithfulness of output to input as a
function of time)
Basic Transducer Requirement
Ruggedness
Repeatability (under same environment condition)
No hysteresis
Linearity
High reliability & stability
High output signal quality
Good dynamic response (faithfulness of output to input
as a function of time)
No residual deformation
Selection of transducers
Range
Sensitivity
Electrical output characteristics
Physical environment
Errors
Facture affecting the choice of transducers
Operating principle
Sensitivity
Operating range
Accuracy
Errors
Transient and frequency response
Loading effect
Environmental compatibility
Parameters Sensor Transducer

It is designed to sense any physical change

occurring in the surrounding. Sensors are A transducer actuates to transform energy
Definition
responsible for converting the transition into a from a given form to another.
precise quantity.

The sensor has no other component except The transducer has 2 parts signal
Component
itself. conditioning and sensor

The sensor detects changes and generates They are responsible for converting energy
Functionality
corresponding electrical signals. into a different form.

A magnetic sensor, Accelerometer sensor,

Thermistor, Thermocouple, Potentiometer,
Applications Proximity sensor, Light sensor, etc. are some
etc. are some applications
applications

Dependency A sensor may not be a transducer. A transducer will always contain a sensor.

Performance of the transducer is more

Complexity of
Performance of a sensor is less complicated complicated because it is designed to
performance
transform the physical quantity

It only measures a physical quantity and A transducer can convert between any
Feedback cannot give input to the desired system on its forms of energy, they can be used to
own. provide feedback to the system.
 L2
Content of Lecture 2
 Measurement of Displacement Using Potentiometer
 LVDT
 Optical Encoder
Measurement of displacement Using
Potentiometer
LVDT
Optical Encoder

Potentiometer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkOyU9zsus8
Derivation:
Characteristics of potentiometer
Advantage & disadvantage of potentiometer
Advantage:
Inexpensive
Simple to operate
Useful for large range of measurement
Output is sufficient, so no amplification required
Having high resolution

Disadvantage:
Require large force to move their sliding
Contact can be contaminated
LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
LVDT
RVDT
Principle of Operation:
Construction & Working:
Optical Encoder:
 L3
Contents for 3rd Lecture
Optical Encoder (Revision)
Measurement of Force Using Strain Gauge
 L4
Content of 4th Lecture
 Measurement of Pressure Using LVDT based Diaphragm
 Measurement of Pressure Using Piezoelectric Sensor
 Characteristic Thermocouple RTD Thermistor

Excellent Great Good

Temperature Ra
nge -210 °C to 1760 °C -240 °C to 650 °C -40 °C to 250 °C

Linearity Fair Good Poor

Sensitivity Low Medium Very High

Response Time Medium to Fast Medium Medium to Fast

Stability Fair Good Poor

Accuracy Medium High Medium

Susceptible to
No Yes, Minimal Yes, Highly
Self-Heating?

Durability Excellent Good Poor

Cost Lowest High Low