Previous lecture revision

• What is Expert system?

• How Expert system fits in AI.
• Expert systems components.
• Problem domain Vs knowledge domain.
• Expert systems history.
• Expert systems advantages.
• Characteristics of Expert systems
• Elements of Expert system.
• Appropriate domains of expert systems
Lecture objectives
• Introduce the study of logic.
• Learn the meaning of knowledge and how it can be represented.
• Knowledge representation.
• Learn how to use logic and set symbols to represent knowledge.
outline
• What is logic? Types of Knowledge.
• Epistemology.
• Types of knowledge.
• Pyramid of knowledge.
• Example on the pyramid of knowledge.
Representation of knowledge
• What is logic?
Expert systems main component is making inference. Given a set of facts the
systems try to reach a true conclusion.
Types of Logic
• There are two types of logic (formal logic and informal logic).
Informal logic can be in court room where a lawyer uses legal arguments to try
to convince a jury or judge.
Formal logic (symbolic logic) proving a final conclusion true or false.

• This chapter is introduction to Logic and Knowledge representation KR.

epistemology
• The study of knowledge
• Concerned with nature, structure and origins of knowledge.
• Knowledge is of primary importance to expert systems.
Components of expert systems
Types of knowledge
• Priori knowledge
• Posterior knowledge
• Declarative.
• Procedural
• Tacit knowledge.
A PRIORI knowledge
• Can be reached by reasoning without experience.
• Universally true (information that is already known).
• Cannot be denied unless there is a contradiction.
• priori means in Latin “That which precedes”.
• Certain knowledge ( how many hours in a day, How many hours in a
day).
A POSTERIORI knowledge
• That which follow.
• Knowledge acquired through experience.
• Less reliable (subjective to each person experience)
PROCEDURAL knowledge

• Is knowing how to know something.( knowledge obtained in the

performance of a skill).
• how to boil a pot of water.
Declarative knowledge
• Knowledge that something to be true or false.
• Don’t but your hand in a boiling water.
Tacit knowledge
• Based on experience.
• Unconscious knowledge. Example how to move your hand or ride a
bicycle.
• Cannot be expressed in language.
Pyramid of knowledge
Examples on knowledge pyramid
• 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
First look at this sequence we may call it Noise
What is I told you that this is a Fibonacci series and there is a n equation that
describes it (Data)
• trying to apply an algorithm to reach the Fibonacci equation (transforming data
into information)
• Knowledge

• Wisdom
IF I have money to keep my wife happy THEN I can retire and enjoy life.
Knowledge representation
• There are a number of advised knowledge representations
1. Rules.
2. Semantic nets.
3. Frames
4. Logic
rules
• Uses grammar to describe
Semantic nets
• Semantic net is a labelled, directed graph.
• A semantic net also called propositional net.
• Semantic net are also called associative nets.
• A proposition is a statement that either true or false.
• Semantic nets consists of
- Nodes(objects, concepts, situations).
- Ares connecting them (expressing relations).
Semantic net
Semantic nets relations types
• ISA “is-a” relates an instantaneous or individual to a class
• KO “kind of”. Relates a generic class to a more general class.
Semantic nets example
Semantic net limitations
• One problem is lack of standardization for link names. Consider for
example a node named chair. Definitive knowledge?
Semantic nets in Prolog
Parsing in language processing
Prolog revision
• Family tree Prolog example
Facts for family tree program
Questions asked to Prolog program(yes/no)
Questions that can be asked to Prolog
program(find X?)
Questions that can be asked to Prolog
program (find X and Y)
Grandparent role
Grandparent question
Extending the Prolog program
Defining a sister
Sister rule
Defining a rule using previous rules
Defining a rule using
Recursion in Prolog
Recursive rules
Recursive rules