SHRI G.S.

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE

D E PA RT M E N T O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G

Knowledge Science
B Y G R O U P 12

P R E S E N T E D B Y: SUBMITTED TO:
M AY U R J A I N DR. NEERAJ JAIN
MOHIT KHANDEL DR. RAKESH THAKUR
M O H I T M A M TA N I
M U S K A N P AT E L
Content:
KEY METRICS // 01
INTRODUCTION // 02
PRAMANA // 03
PRATYAKSHA // 04
ANUMANA // 05
SHABDA // 06
UPMANA // 07
ARTHAPATTI // 08
Conclusion // 09
REFERENCES // 10
Key Matrices:
LEARNING OUTCOME:
AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS SESSION, THE ATTENDEES WILL BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN
• THE BASICS OF KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE AND HOW IT WAS DEVELOPED IN ANCIENT
INDIA.
• VARIOUS METHODS OF ATTAINING AND CLASSIFYING KNOWLEDGE.

COURSE OUTCOME:
UNDERTAND THE TOPIC IN REFERENCE TO THE ANCIENT TEXTS.

PERFORMANCE INDICATOR :
SUCCESSFULLY DESCRIBE THE KEY ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN OBTAINING
KNOWLEDGE.

BLOOM’S TAXONOMY LEVEL:

REMEMBER, UNDERSTAND, AND APPLY (BL 1, 2 3)
 INTRODUCTION
KNOWLEDGE S CI ENCE I S AN I NTERDI S CI P LI NARY
FI ELD THAT ENCOMPAS S ES THE S TUDY OF KNOW LEDGE
CREATION, REP RES ENTATI ON, ORGANI ZATI ON,
RETRIEVAL, AND AP P LI CATI ON. I T DRAW S UP ON
PRINCIP LES F ROM VARI OUS DI S CI P LI NES S UCH AS
COMPUTER S CI ENCE, I NF ORMATI ON S CI ENCE,
COGNITI VE S CI ENCE, AND P HI LOS OP HY TO
UNDERSTAND HOW KNOW LEDGE I S ACQUI RED,
PROCESS ED, AND UTI LI ZED BY I NDI VI DUALS ,
ORGANI ZATI ONS , AND MACHI NES .
PRAMANA
PRA MA N A , IN In d ia n p h ilo so p h y, th e
m e a n s b y w h ic h o n e o b ta in s a c c u ra te a n d
v a lid k n o w le d g e (p ra m a , p ra m iti) a b o u t th e
w o rld . Th e a c c e p te d n u m b e r o f p ra m a n a
v a rie s, a c c o rd in g to th e p h ilo so p h ic a l
sy ste m ; th e e x e g e tic sy ste m o f Mim a m s a
a c c e p ts fiv e , w h e re a s Ve d a n ta a s a w h o le
p ro p o se s th re e .
PRATYAKSHA
Pratyaksha, in Indian philosophy, perception, the first of the five means of
knowledge, or pramanas, that enable a person to have correct cognitions of world.
Pratyaksha is of two kinds:
• direct perception (anubhava)
• remembered perception (smriti)

Pratyaksha is all about trusting what you can directly see, hear, touch, taste, or
smell, and using that information to understand the world around you.

Imagine you see a tree in front of you. You can touch it, smell its fragrance, and
observe its leaves swaying in the breeze. This direct experience of seeing, touching,
and sensing the tree is pratyaksha.
ANUMANA
Anumana, in Indian philosophy, inference, the second of the five means of
knowledge, or pramanas, it refers to inference or reasoning based on observation and
logic. It has 5 stages:
• the proposition (pratijna, literally “promise”),
• the ground (hetu),
• the illustration (udaharana),
• the application (upanaya),
• the conclusion (nigamana)

Eg: you see smoke rising from a distance. Based on your past experiences and
knowledge, you might infer or conclude that there's a fire causing the smoke, even if
you can't directly see the fire itself.
SHABDA
Shabda, is a concept from Indian philosophy, which refers to verbal testimony or
testimony from authority. Shabda refers to believing something because you trust the
source or authority providing the information.In Indian philosophy, shabda is
considered a valid means of knowledge under certain conditions.
• Authority and Trustworthiness
• Scriptural Authority
• Expert Testimony

Eg: If a doctor tells you to take a certain medication for an illness, you might trust
their expertise and follow their advice, even if you don't fully understand the reasons
behind it.
 UPMANA
Upamana, in Indian philosophy, particularly in the Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of
thought, is a concept that refers to analogy or comparison.In simple terms, upamana
involves understanding something new by comparing it to something familiar. It
involves:
• Using proper analogy
• Understanding through similarity
BIG • Co relating with receiver's existing knowledge

Eg: If someone is trying to explain the concept of a tiger to a person who has never
seen one, they might use the analogy of a cat. They could say, "A tiger is like a big cat
with stripes and sharp teeth."
ARTHAPATTI
Shabda, is a concept from Indian philosophy, which refers to postulation or
presumption. Arthapatti operates on the principle that when something expected
doesn't happen or when certain conditions are not observed, we can infer the presence
of something else to explain the situation.

Eg: Suppose someone always sees their neighbor's car parked outside their house in
the evenings. However, on a particular evening, they notice that the car is not there.
From this absence of the car, they infer that their neighbor must be out of town. This
inference is based on the presumption that if the neighbor were in town, their car
would be parked outside as usual.
Conclusion
THROUGH THE LENS OF KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE, WE HAVE
DELVED INTO FIVE FUNDAMENTAL PRAMANAS:
PERCEPTION (PRATYAKSHA), INFERENCE (ANUMANA),
VERBAL TESTIMONY (SHABDA), ANALOGY (UPAMANA),
AND POSTULATION (ARTHAPATTI).

THESE PRAMANAS SERVE AS POWERFUL TOOLS FOR

UNDERSTANDING THE WORLD AROUND US, EACH
OFFERING UNIQUE PERSPECTIVES AND METHODOLOGIES
FOR ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE.
 REFERENCES
• PULIGANDLA, RAMAKRISHNA (1997), FUNDAMENTALS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY, NEW DELHI:
D.K. PRINTWORLD (P) LTD.
• VEDANTA PRABODHA - AN EXHAUSTIVE BOOK ON SHANKARACHARYA’S ADVAITA VEDANTA
• "PRAMANA". ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. RETRIEVED 16 JUNE 2020.
• PRAMANA LAKSHANA BY SHRI MADHWACHARYA
• MOST ANCIENT TEXT ON THE TOPIC- BRAHMA TARKA BY BADARAYAN RISHI OR VED VYAS
• ADAPTATION OF PRAMANAS BY HINDU INSTITUTES:

• FOR ILLUSTRATIONS: CANVA PVT. LTD.

Thank You for Your Attention
ANY QUESTIONS?