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II. Pratitantra siddhanta or principle specific any scripture: As rasas are described as of six types by someone
while others as eight types; some scripture suggests five senses while others as six; in some scripture all dise-
-ases are shown to be caused by dosas viz., vata etc. while some shows them caused by dosas viz., vata etc.
as well as evil spirits (germs).
III. Adhikarana siddhanta or principle or truth implied from a given context: No liberated soul indulges in action
leading to bondage for he is free from all desires. This proposition implies truths like fruit of action, liberation
of the soul and existence of life after death.
IV. Abhyupagma siddhanta or principle to be granted (hypothesis): Things are explained sometimes on the basis
of the pre-dominance of matter, sometimes that of the qualities and sometimes that of the potentiality.
V. Nigamana: It is theme of study as per kalpataru. It is acti of ending the study. Finally outcomes are given in
brief.
4. Yukti Pramana: Yukti is effort to present the qualities and execution of works or sentences. It is of three types
as given in Charak Sutrasthana 11/25 as:
i. By scientific logics: Present point in light of modern research methodology is well dealt with reference to
reasoning. In research methodology, it is of two types8:
a. Inductive reasoning: This is logic thinking based on observations of qualitative or quantitative data as sometimes
effects of specific activities are observed with number of participants with instruments to understand the
psychological or other neural effects of those activities.
b. Deductive reasoning: In such reasoning established laws or principles are used to prove happening activities
or activities of past. After interpretation from these, predictions are made for future. As finding out of reasons
behind more stress among the people in fast life of metropolitans and then suggestions to avoid such stress.
ii. By observation: Use of observation is well emphasized by Charak in different places. Even research
methodlogy used at present is also mainly based on observation. There are various types of observational
studies as9:
a. Ecological study design (with geography in relation to disease etc.)
b. Proportional mortality ratio study design (with geography, occupation, age etc.)
c. Cross-sectional study design (prevalence study like smokers without respiratory diseases etc.)
d. Case-control study design (researchers identify study participants based on their case status, i.e. diseased or
not diseased. Quantification of the number of individuals among the cases and the controls who are exposed
allow for statistical associations between exposure and outcomes to be established. An example of a case
control study is analysing the relationship between obesity and knee replacement surgery).
e. Case-crossover study design (It relies upon an individual to act as their own control for comparison issues
An example of a case-crossover study would be evaluating the exposure of talking on a cell phone and being
involved in an automobile crash).
f. Retrospective and prospective cohort study design (Retrospective cohort studies also begin with a cross-
sectional study to categorize exposure and identify cases. Exposures are then measured based on records
created at that time. Cohort studies are the only observational study that can calculate incidence, both cum-
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.72 6 OCTOBER - 2016 ISSN: 2455-1384
-ulative incidence and an incidence rate).
g. Diagnostic testing and evaluation study designs (A specific study design is the diagnostic accuracy study,
which is often used as part of the clinical decision making process. Diagnostic accuracy study designs are
those that compare a new diagnostic method with the current “gold standard” diagnostic procedure in a
cross-section of both diseased and healthy study participants).
iii. By qualities: It is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or
kind. In research methodology, it is mentioned by name of qualitative research. The aim of qualitative research
may change according to disciplinary background. This is used to understand the why and how effects.
Researcher holds the understanding of a phenomenon or situation or event from the whole situation. A
qualitative research9 may be of several types as:
a. Phenomenal research: It is an attempt to understand the phenomenon by a researcher.
b. Ethnographical research: It focuses on describing the culture of specific group of people which includes lan-
uages, values, attitudes, practices etc. of people in that particular group.
c. Case study research: This is type of research providing the detailed account of one or more cases.
d. Grounded research: Such research aims to generate the theory from collected data.
e. Historical research: It is type of research based on data of events that occurred in the past.
It is well cited in Charak Samhita that Yukti depends upon one’s own intelligence for execution of works. Further
Charak Sutrasthana 2/16 suggests to give evidence supporting this as, ‘therapeutic property depends upon dose
and time. Even such example itself is well considered in toxicology at present. Even dose-drug relationship with
respect to time is detailed in science of toxicology. Charak has noted that success of treatment depends upon
observation of such properties. A physician with such information is better than who knows drugs only’. Interestingly,
Ayurveda has minutely presented the research tools which can be utilized even in present scenario. Proper understanding
and interpretation of Charak samhita on the basis of steps suggested by clues given with Charak will even disclose
number ideas of research.
References:
1. http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research/Understanding-dementia-research/Participating-in-research/
Why-do-we-need-research
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research.
3. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=research
4. Best, J. W., & Kahn, J. V. (1998). Research in education (8th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
5. Anonymous: Charak Samhita in Sanskrit By Maharishi University of Management, Vedic Literature Coll-
ection.
6. Anonymous: Shabdkalpadrum by Syar-Raja-Radhakantdeo- Bahadur, Calcutta.
7. The Tarkasangraha of Annambhatta (1876). FB & C Ltd., Dalton House, 60, Windsor Avenue, London.
8. https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-study-of-life-1/the-
science-of-biology-48/scientific-reasoning-264-11397/
9. Jackson, S.L. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach 3rd edition.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
10. Anonymous: Sushruta Samhita in Sanskrit By Maharishi University of Management, Vedic Literature Coll-
ection.
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