Hl Institute of commerce

Statistics Project Report

And its Applications

TY Bcom 1 G8

71) Amit 72) Yash 73) Dhruvi 74) Hardik 75) Prashant 76) Rushi 77) Urmila 78) Dhruvin 79) Rushabh 80) Bhoomi Note- All members of the groups have taken substantial participation for the preparation of project

Meaning of Terminologies to be used Meaning of Association of Attributes What is Consistency of Data Types of Association of Attributes Methods of Calculation Association of Attributes. Application of Association of Attributes

Association- Any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent Attributes- A characteristic of an object (person, thing, etc.)Referred as A and B. Consistency of Data- The validity, accuracy, usability and integrity of related data between applications. Positive- Case of direct proportion Negative- Case of inverse proportion Independent- Case of no relation

In simple language interpreting the meanings as discussed it means Two attributes A and B are said to be associated if they are not independent but are related in some way or the other. Thus, it is a mode of finding relation between data that can not be quantified and thus is qualitative data. It is presented in a tabular form wherein usually 2 attributes are referred as A and B and not having a particular attribute is denoted by and respectively. It used for ideas like preference of people towards things- like restaurateurs can use to design combo packs in menus say for burger and french fries or pizza and cold drink

Attribute B

A (AB)

(B)

Total (B)

Total

(A)
(A)

()
()

()
N

Here A is people buying pizza and cold drink and B is people purchasing burger and fries , whereas and are users not buying pizza and cold drink; and burger and fries respectively. Now if there is significant positive relation between both, then the combi meal offer can be made.

Any class frequencies which have been or might have been observed within one and the same population are said to be consistent if they conform with one another and do not in any way conflict. For example, the figures (A) = 20, (AB) = 25 are inconsistent as (AB) cannot be great than (A), if they are observed from the sample population. Consistency of a set of class frequencies may be defined as the property that none of them is negative, otherwise, the data for class frequencies are said to be inconsistent. Since any class frequency can be expressed as the sum of some of the ultimate class frequencies, it is necessarily non-negative if all the ultimate class frequencies are nonnegative. This provides a criterion for testing the consistency of the data.

Attributes are associated in namely three ways Positive Association Where two attributes occur or do not occur simultaneously. Perfect Positive Association When degree of association is 1 Partial Positive Association When degree of association is b/w 0 and 1

Negative Association Perfect Negative Association When degree of association is -1 Partial Negative Association When degree of association is b/w 0 and -1 Independent Association- When two attributes are independent of each others occurrence.

Comparing Expected and observed frequency Observed value of (AB) = (AB) Expected value (AB) = (A) (B) N Now if Observed Value > Expected, Positive Association else if Observed Value < Expected then Negative Association. And if Observed = Expected, then independent. Proportion Method

(AB)/(B) (AB)/(B) (AB)/(B) > < > (A)/() (A)/() (A)/() Positive Negative Independent

Yules coefficient Method Q= (AB)()-(A)(B)/(AB)()+(A)(B) If Q lies 0 to 1 Positive Association If Q lies 0 to -1 Negative Association If Q = 1 Perfect Positive Association If Q=-1 Perfect Negative Association

It is used by the company prior to launch of any product to know the peoples liking towards its design, branding, features, etc. wherein the data is collected by way of public survey.
At Computer based designer houses to design clothes, draperies or furniture laminates on the basis of liking of two colors to design combinations or pattern to designs the flow of design. Here various combinations of colors say black and cream is taken, and then it can be decided seeing to peoples liking of various combinations. Similarly designs and pattern of color combination can be determined say striped or checked.

At restaurants to setup combi meals and design restaurant menus. To design whether a pizza and dosa combo will work or pizza and coke combo shall be better.

To develop medical studies like between occurrence of diseasesas used by Edwin Wilson, Office of Naval Research, Boston It was used by him to know the commonness occurrence of Diabetes and Cancer.

It can be used for Quality Management by finding relation between quality of product and brand recognition.

To help propound researches on attribute relations like relation between richness and attraction or height of a person and his lifespan. Both of the aforesaid studies have been carried out in University of Chicago to determine the relation between the attributes.

To select Operating Systems of mobiles for mobile companies while developing mobile phones. A manufacturer can decide looking to the features of all the available OS and rating to the preference of people for particular features. Like today Blackberry has a BBM feature but lacks video calling capacity but Android lacks the capacity to use MS Office editing and creating functions. So according to needs of person liking will change and will affect preference.`