JOINTS

1)Shoulder joint

• Shoulder joint is formed by

the articulation of glenoid
cavity of scapula and head
of humerus.
• SCAPULA:ossifies from 1 primary centre and 7 secondary centres
• Lower part of glenoid cavity-appearance at puberty and fusion at 25 th yr.
• HUMERUS:upper end ossified from 3 secondary centres
• Head=appears at 1st yr
• Greater tubercle=at 2 nd yr
• Lesser tubercle=at 5 th yr
• They fuse at 6 th yr and fuses with the shaft at 18 to 19 yrs.
 2)ELBOW JOINT
• Elbow joint is formed by the lower end of the
humerus and upper end of radius and ulna
bones.
• LOWER END OF HUMERUS:ossifies from 4 centres which form 2 epiphyses
• Appearance- one for capitulum and lateral Falange of trochlea-1 st yr,one for medial
Falange of trochlea -9 th yr,one for lateral epicondyle -12 th yr.All the three fuses
during 14 th yr and fuses with shaft at 16 yrs.
• UPPER END OF RADIUS:ossifies from a secondary centre which appears during 4 th
yr and fuses with shaft at 16-17 yrs.
• UPPER END OF ULNA:superior part of olecranon process ossifies from a sec centre
which appear during 9 th yr and fuses at 16-17 yrs.
 3)WRIST JOINT
• Wrist joint is formed between lower end of radius and articular
disc of inferior radioulnar joint proximally and 3 lateral bones of
proximal row of carpus that is scaphoid,lunate,triquetral.
LOWER END OF RADIUS:appears at 2 yrs and fuses at 18 to 19 yrs.
Scaphoid-5 yrs
Lunate-4 yrs
Triquetral- 3 yrs
LOWER END OF ULNA:
Appearance-6th yr
Fusion-17 -18 yrs
 4)HIP JOINT

• Hip joint formed by head of

femur and acetabulum of hip
bone.
• Acetabulum of hip bone -2 secondary centres appear at puberty and fused at 16th-17th yr.
• Femur ossifies from 1 primary and 4 sec centres.
• Upper end -3 sec centres
• Head-during 6 months of life.
• Greater trochanter-4th yr
• Lesser trochanter-12th yr
• The head,greater trochanter and lesser trochanter fuses at 17- 18 yrs.
 5)KNEE JOINT

• Knee joint is formed by condyles of femur,patella and tibia.

• FEMUR:Lower end ossification centre appear at 9 th month of
intrauterine life and fuse at 18 to 19 yrs.
• TIBIA:Upper end ossification centre appear just before birth and
fuses at 18 to 19 yrs.
• PATELLA:Ossifies from several centres appear during 3 to 6
yr.Fusion completes at puberty.
 6)ANKLE JOINT

• Ankle joint is formed by lower end of tibia,lateral malleolus of fibula and

talus.
• Lower end of tibia:appearance at 1 yr and fusion accurs at
16 -17 yrs.
• Lateral malleolus of fibula:appearance at 1 yr and fusion
occurs at 16-17yrs.
• Talus:appearance at 7 th month.