THE

CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES, AND
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
 I. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
1. Empirical - Research is based on direct experience or
observation by the researcher
2. Logical - Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

3. Cyclical - Research is cyclical because it starts

with a problem and ends with a new problem.
4. Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering
the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study

5. Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise judgement.

6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic method and proce
7. Replicability - The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
 II. 7 STEPS OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

1. Researcher's area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator's ability and training
 II. 7 STEPS OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review
of Related Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample
(Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for
qualitative research) and questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire
(for quantitative research) (Data Gathering
7 STEPS OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Step 5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for

qualitative research) and tools (for quantitative research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative research) and recommendations.
Step 7. Define new problem.
THANK YOU!!!