Electromagnetic Spectrum :

X-Rays and Gamma Rays

SCIENCE
REPORT
Presented by Group GREEN
 ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic
radiation, including X-rays and Gamma Rays. The electromagnetic
spectrum encompasses a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies, and it
includes various forms of electromagnetic radiation, from the longest to the
shortest wavelengths.
X-RAYS
 X-RAYS
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic
radiation, just like visible light. They
have a shorter wavelength and higher
energy than visible light, making them
capable of penetrating matter.
Wilhelm
Röntgen
Though he is not regarded as the first to have
seen and felt their effects, German physicist
Wilhelm Röntgen is typically credited with
discovering X-Rays in 1895 since he was the
first to investigate them deeply.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF X-RAYS
X-rays have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10
nanometers corresponding to frequencies in the range 3
01 × 1019 Hz to 3×1016 Hz and energies in the range 100
eV to 100 keV, which is shorter than that of ultraviolet
rays but longer than gamma rays.

X-rays have the ability to penetrate most materials,

02 including human tissues. The degree of penetration
depends on the energy of the X-rays.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF X-RAYS
X-rays can ionize atoms, meaning they can
03 remove electrons from atoms, leading to the
creation of charged particles.
X-rays are invisible to the human eye, but they
can be detected and captured using
04 specialized equipment such as X-ray films or
digital detectors.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF X-RAYS
Different materials absorb X-rays to varying
degrees. Dense materials like bones absorb
more X-rays, appearing white on X-ray
05 images, while less dense materials like muscles
and organs allow more X-rays to pass through,
appearing darker.
 APPLICATIONS
OF X-RAYS
01 Medical Imaging 02 Airport Security

03 Industrial Inspection 04 Cancer Treatment

GAMMA
RAYS
 GAMMA RAYS
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation is
a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
arising from the radioactive decay of
atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest
wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically
shorter than those of X-rays.
 Paul Villard
Paul Villard, a French chemist and
physicist, discovered gamma radiation in
1900 while studying radiation emitted by
radium. While In 1903, Ernest Rutherford
named this radiation gamma rays based on
their relatively strong penetration of
matter.
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF GAMMA RAYS
01 02 03
Gamma rays have the highest Unlike optical light Gamma-ray
energy, highest frequency, and and x-rays, gamma wavelengths are so short
shortest wavelength among all rays cannot be that they can pass
the types of electromagnetic captured and through the space within
waves. With frequencies above reflected by mirrors. the atoms of a detector.
30 exahertz (3×1019 Hz), it
imparts the highest
photon energy
 CHARACTERISTICS
OF GAMMA RAYS
04 05
Unlike alpha and beta Gamma rays are
particles, which have similar to visible
both energy and mass, light, but have much
gamma rays are pure
higher energy.
energy.
 FACTS ABOUT
GAMMA RAYS
DOCTORS CONDUCT BRAIN SURGERY USING “GAMMA RAY
KNIVES.”
Gamma rays can be helpful as well as harmful (and are very unlikely to turn you
into the Hulk). To destroy brain cancers and other problems, medical scientists
sometimes use a "gamma ray knife." This consists of many beams of gamma rays
focused on the cells that need to be destroyed.
 FACTS ABOUT
GAMMA RAYS
NUCLEAR REACTIONS ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF
GAMMA RAYS.
When an unstable uranium nucleus splits in the process of
nuclear fission, it releases a lot of gamma rays in the process.
Astronomers eventually realized these explosions were coming
from deep space.
 FACTS ABOUT
GAMMA RAYS
SOME GAMMA RAYS COME FROM THUNDERSTORMS.
In the 1990s, observatories in space detected bursts of gamma
rays coming from Earth that eventually were traced to
thunderclouds. When static electricity builds up inside clouds,
the immediate result is lightning.
 FACTS ABOUT
GAMMA RAYS
GAMMA RAYS (INDIRECTLY) GIVE LIFE TO
EARTH.
The energy of the gamma rays keeps the sun’s core
hot. As they lose energy, they change into ultraviolet,
infrared and visible light.
STERILIZE MEDICAL
EQUIPMENT
• During sterilization,
gamma rays efficiently
eliminate microorganisms
from the medical devices
and tissue allografts.
 STERILIZE FOOD
(IRRADIATED FOOD)
• During irradiation, gamma rays,
x-rays, or high-energy electrons
pass through the food, destroying
or inactivating bacteria and
viruses that cause foodborne
illness.
USED AS TRACERS IN
MEDICINE
• Diagnostic techniques in
nuclear medicine use
radioactive tracers which
emit gamma rays from
within the body.
 RADIATION
THERAPY
• Kills cancer cells with
beams of high-energy X-
rays, gamma rays, or
charged particles (called
electrons or protons).
 GAMMA-RAY
ASTRONOMY
• Gamma-ray astronomy presents unique
opportunities to explore these exotic
objects. By exploring the universe at
these high energies, scientists can
search for new physics, testing theories
and performing experiments that are
not possible in Earth-bound
laboratories.
Electromagnetic Spectrum :
X-Rays and Gamma Rays

CONCLUSION
Presented by Group GREEN
Thank
you!