The University of Danang

University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

SMART SENSOR
Low-Cost Underwater Acoustic Modem for
Short-Range Sensor Networks

Lecturer:
PhD. Nhu Thanh VO
Students:
Tan Phu VO
The Huynh ĐINH
Van Ngo LE
Chi Thanh LE 1 1
CONTENT
Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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INTRODUCTION

TRANSDUCER DESIGN

ANALOG TRANSCEIVER DESIGN

DIGITAL DESIGN

SYSTEM TEST

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INTRODUCTION
Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network

that is deployed in a large number of wireless sensors in an physical or
environmental conditions.
Sensor nodes are used in WSNs with integrated processors to manage and
monitor the environment in a specific area. They are connected to the Base
Station which acts as a processing unit in the WSN system.
The base station in the WSN system is connected via the Internet to share
data. WSN can be used for data processing, analysis, storage and mining.

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INTRODUCTION
Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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APPLICATIONS :

Wireless sensor
networks in agriculture

Wireless sensor networks use to

security monitoring in buildings

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INTRODUCTION
Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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Low-Cost Underwater Acoustic Modem for Short-Range Sensor Networks

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TRANSDUCER DESIGN
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Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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1. Electrical application selection based on type and form

2. Describe our transducer construction techniques including the
selection of wiring and potting compound
3. Calibration

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TRANSDUCER DESIGN
Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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TRANSDUCER DESIGN
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Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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TYPE
Piezoceramics are categorized into two general
groups: hard and soft ceramics.

GEOMETRY

Thus, a ring transducer with radial resonance mode, 26 mm outer

diameter, 22 mm inner diameter, and 2.54 mm wall thickness was
selected

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TRANSDUCER DESIGN
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Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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Wiring electrical leads, potting the piezoceramic, and reducing unwanted

acoustic radiation should be paid special attention.

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CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
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Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer
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Comparison method

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ANALOG TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 11

Analog transceiver
Requirements:
Provide a linear
Bandwidth:10 – 100 kHz
Allow for use with a variety of underwater transducers
The amplifier must be power effcient

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ANALOG RECEIVER 12

- Only amplifies signals around 35 kHz

- Low frequencies at a rate of 120dB per decade

- High frequencies at rate of 80dB per decade

- Curent receiver configuration consumes about 375

mW when in standby mode and less than 750 mW
when fully engaged

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ANALOG RECEIVER 13

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Analog Transmitter 14

- To operate for signal inputs in a range of 0 – 100kHz.

- The primary amplifier is a highly linear Class AB
- The Class D amplifier is inherently nonlinear

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POWER MANAGEMENT CIRCUIT 15

Provided to adjust the output power in real-time to match it to

the actual distance between transmitter and receiver

(1) Less interference for nearby ongoing communications

(2) Reduced noise pollution
(3) Considerable power savings

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 16

Estimated power coupled to the transducer.

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Digital Design 17

Digital Transceiver
 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)

+ FSK transmis digital information by

switching a carrier between discrete
frequencies

+ Binary FSK( 2FSK) uses two

frequencies:
Mark: corresponds to logical 1
Space corresponds to logical 0

+ Carrier amplitude does not change

in FSK

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Digital Design 18

Digital Transceiver
 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

+ Logic Block
+ Interconnections
+ I/O Block

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Digital Design 19

Digital Transceiver

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Digital Design 20

Digital Transceiver
 Digital down converter

LPF: low pass filter

Filter out the high frequency components
Then the signal is downsampled from 192 to 16 kHz

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Digital Design 21

Digital Transceiver
 Symbol Synchronizer:
+ The ability of the receiver to synchronize to the first symbol of an
incoming data stream

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Digital Design 22

Digital Transceiver
 Demodulator

BPF: band pass filter

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 Digital Design 23

Digital Transceiver
 Modulator

dac_out data_in

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Digital Design 24

Digital Transceiver
 HW/SW Co-Design Controller
+ The MicroBlaze processor is a
32-bit Harvard reduced instruction
set computer (RISC) architecture
optimized for implementation in
Xilinx FPGAs.

Figure 4.2 Digital transceiver control flow

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Digital Design 25

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Digital Design 26

Resource Requirements

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SYSTEM TEST 27

 INTEGRATED TESTS
• Connect Components: Connect the analog and digital components of the
modem according to the designed connectivity structure.
• Check Synchronization: Ensure that control and processing signals from the
digital part are compatible with the requirements of the analog components
and vice versa.
• Communication Testing: Perform communication tests to ensure that analog
and digital signals are transmitted accurately through communication
channels.
• Compatibility Testing: Ensure that the modem is compatible with other devices
and systems in its connection environment. Test compatibility with devices
sending and receiving data.
• Security and Safety Testing: Verify the security and safety aspects of the
modem to ensure that there are no risks to information security or system
safety when using the modem.

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SYSTEM TEST 28

 Westlake Tests
o Integrated system tests in Westlake,a freshwater lake in Westlake
Village, CA, at 5, 50, 95, and 380 m distances

Result:
• Bit error rate of <5%with a
multipath spread less than 5
ms
• Higher SNR with low
multipath

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SYSTEM TEST 29

Benefits:low cost and high power, high data rates

Limitation: short transmission distance

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SYSTEM TEST 30
 Conclusion

This chapter described the design and initial testing of a functional low-
cost underwater acoustic
modem prototype for short-range underwater sensor networks. The
modem can support data rates
of 200 bps for ranges up to ∼400 m in environments with less than 5 ms
multipath delay spread.

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 Faculty of Mechanical Engineer
Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

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