WOMEN,MEN AND

ADOLESCENCE
WOMAN AND MAN’S CLINIC
PRIVILEDGE.M.KUDZUNGA
H210369H
GODKNOWS MATANGAKUFA
H210363V
SIMBARASHE NYENGERE H210
COURAGE MLAMBO H210
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OBJECTIVES
 DEFINITIONS
 CLASSIFICATIONS
 TECHNIQUE AND ADAPTATION
PROJECTIONS
 COMMON PATHOLOGIES
 PATIENT CENTERED CARE
 WELL WOMAN’S CLINIC 03/26/2024 2

 WELL MAN’S CLINIC

DEFINITIONS
 The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents
as those people between 10 and 19 years of age. The great
majority of adolescents are, therefore, included in the age-
based definition of “child”, adopted by the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, as a person under the age of 18
years.
 The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act)
defines pediatric patients as persons aged 21 or younger at
the time of their diagnosis or treatment. Typically these are
broken down into different groups based on age ranges
(neonates, infants, children, and adolescents).
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CHARACTERISTICS
 The adolescent years are dynamic times of growth and
development, characterized by:
 Major physical changes and development of sexuality.
 Psychological development throughout the periods of
early, middle, and late adolescence. This involves peer
relationships, body image, autonomy/interdependence,
family relationships, spirituality, values, and cognitive
changes.
 The issues of privacy, confidentiality, communication,
and informed consent are crucial to this stage, and the
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care provided must reflect this.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADOLESCENCE
 It is a time of enormous physical, emotional, intellectual and
social change and maturity. It is the process of becoming
independent.
 Puberty.
 A change from simple (concrete) thinking to more complex
(abstract) thinking.
 Emotional and behavioural development and maturity.
 Development of sexual relationships.
 Greater self awareness.
 Increasing responsibilities.
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 Eating disorders-too much or too little or induced vomiting.

PUBERTY
 Puberty represents a time of rapid physical,
cognitive, psychological and social change. The
physical changes of puberty include rapid linear
growth and progressive maturation of secondary
sexual characteristics leading to reproductive
capability.

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PUBERTY
 Puberty is caused by the sudden increase in the
secretion of sex hormones from the ovaries
(oestrogen) or testes (testosterone). Puberty is
often the first sign of the many changes that take
place during adolescence.

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RADIOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 The optimization of protection in children’s
radiology examinations requires the use of
examination-specific protocols tailored to the
patient’s age and size, the region of imaging and
clinical indication. This ensures that the dose to
each patient is as low as reasonably achievable
for the clinical purpose of the examination.

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RADIOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 For medical X-ray imaging, the paediatric
patient's size is even more important to consider
than age, because patient size determines how
much radiation is needed to produce a quality
medical image.

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RADIOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 Paediatric patients are more radiosensitive than
adults (i.e., the cancer risk per unit dose of
ionizing radiation is higher);
 Medical imaging professionals should use
techniques that are adjusted to administer the
lowest radiation dose that yields an image
quality adequate for diagnosis or intervention

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HOW TO REDUCE DOSE
 Anti-scatter grids are normally not required in
paediatric radiography as the gain in image
quality does not justify the increase in patient
dose, except in children in their teens and when
the body build is such as to increase scatter;
 Good image detail is achieved by maintaining a
balance between the use of a small focal spot
size and a short exposure time;
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CONT……
 The use of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) is
generally not appropriate in children as the sensors
(size and geometry) are normally designed for adult
patients. Instead, exposure charts corresponding to
radiographic technique, patient thickness in the X-ray
beam and presence or absence of anti-scatter grid are
much safer and easier to use;
 The radiation beam should be limited using
collimation;
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CONT…………
 Shielding devices should be appropriately positioned
to be efficient for protecting the tissues for which they
are placed and to avoid unnecessary repeat
examinations;
 Immobilization, when required, should be provided by
specialized devices, if possible.
 When performing radiographs of long bones in
children the opposite limb should be imaged only if
needed by the radiologist and only limited views
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used.
COMMON MISSED
PATIENT DETAILS
 When adolescent patients are dispersed
throughout different specialty wards in paediatric
or general hospitals, there is a risk that some
health problems, particularly related to the
physical and psychological changes taking place
during adolescence, may go unrecognized.

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PREGNANCY RULE
 The necessary information on possible
pregnancy should be obtained from the patient
herself.
In female children who are menstruating and are
referred for high dose procedures such as CT
abdomen or interventional examination, the
possibility of pregnancy should be considered.

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NAI – NON ACCIDENTAL
INJURIES
 A radiologist may have a significant role in the
diagnosis of child abuse by identifying injuries that
are unsuspected or unexplained.
 For example, extremity injuries may be relatively
asymptomatic in an abused child, with little or no
overlying bruising or swelling. Rib fractures may
be found incidentally on a chest X-ray obtained for
another reason, such as wheezing or respiratory
distress.
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PRIVACY
 The adolescent patient requires appropriate
privacy - not only for day to day self care and
physical care - but also for interview sessions,
physical examinations, and medical procedures.
An adolescent can choose to have a family
member, peer, or chaperon with them during any
physical assessment or interview.

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CONFIDENTIALITY
ISSUES
While this is a basic requirement of all interprofessional
interactions, the adolescent’s emerging self identity makes
attention to confidentiality of information, both among family
members and between fellow patients, essential.
Adolescents, in most cases, consent to their own health care.
For optimal care of the adolescent, medical information should
be given both to the adolescent and the parents/guardians.
 However, the adolescent needs to know that private and
personal information will not be given to the family without
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his/her knowledge and consent.

ETHICAL OR LEGAL
CONSIDERATIONS
 Examples of common dilemmas include parents
requesting to withhold information from their teen, teens
asking to withhold information from their family,
confidentiality around substance abuse or sexual activity,
or refusal of treatment in the context of an eating disorder.
 Decision-making in these situations should be in
accordance with the Health Care Consent Act, which
clearly states that consent to medical treatment depends on
the mental capacity, not the chronological age of the
patient
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COMMON HEALTH
ISSUES
 Injuries. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of
death and disability among adolescents.
 Violence.
 Mental health.
 Alcohol and drug use.
 Tobacco use
 STDs and STIs HIV/AIDS. ...
 Early pregnancy and childbirth.
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WHO ARE THE GENERAL
PATIENTS (MEN AND
 These patients come under the general
WOMEN)?
population
 This age group ranges between 21-64years of
age
 It is known as the working population
 In Zimbabwe this age group consists of 55% of
the population
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ATTRIBUTES TO HAVE
WHEN WORKING WITH
GENERAL PATIENTS
 Patient
 Kindness
 Punctuality
 Empathy
 Make them feel important
 Do not disregard they feeling because they are
not a special case
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ROOM PREPARATION
 Damp dusting to make sure the room is clean.
 Clean linen available
 Lead aprons available.
 Remove any obstacles on the way, in the room.
 Mounting the gantry and couch to initial values.

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DUTIES OF A RADIOGRAPHER

 Explain procedure to patients, get consent

 Safely positioning patients properly in order to get
the best quality x-ray.
 Adjust the equipment to obtain the correct angle.
 Knowledge of how to use the x-ray equipment is a
must.
 Take preventative steps to avoid unnecessary
exposure to radiation. 03/26/2024 24
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INFORMATION YOU SHOULD
ASK THE PATIENT
 Ask for any known allergies;
 Allergies to contrast: Some of the contrast agents

could cause an allergic reaction.

 In females of childbearing age, check if there is

no chance of pregnancy before the X-ray.

 Confirm area of injury with patient and see if it

matches the request form

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PROCEDURE
 Greet Patient and Introduce your self
 Verify patient’s identity
 Examine exam requested
 Confirm area of injury with patient
 Ask patient to change into gown if necessary
 Carry out procedure with precision taking care of

patients comfort
 Release the patient when satisfied with image quality
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 Process image
PATIENT EDUCATION
 In an effort to improve health literacy regarding
radiologic examination and treatment, the
radiographer should educate the patient and the
procedure making sure they understand
 We should provide information about the radiologic
procedure, and explains how to prepare for procedures
along side how the procedure will be done

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PHYSICAL COMFORT
 Aggressive pain management is essential to patient-centered radiology
 For all invasive procedures, radiographers should consider performing a

baseline assessment by asking patients to rate their pain , making regular

and ongoing assessments of pain, and monitoring the effectiveness of pain
control measures and side effects
 Pain management include educating patients about their right to pain relief
 We should encouraging patients to take an active role in communicating

and managing their pain by making pain assessment data more visible

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WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE

 The reproductive age for women is said to be between 12-

50years
 The 10 day rule should be observed
 The likelihood of or actual presence of pregnancy should be
ruled out before they are exposed to medical ionizing radiation.
 Fetal exposure to ionizing radiation can either induce
malformation or cancer.
 They should be exposed only when it is safe for the fetus or
when the benefit far outweighs the risk in urgent medical
conditions.
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PROBLEMS THAT CAN
OCCUR WITH THESE
 They question cleanliness
 TYPE OF PEOPLE
They do not like to wait
 They consider themselves not “sick” people
 They question the procedure
 They make sure every cent of money spend is
used
 They think very highly of themselves
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THE SOLUTION
 In some cases the best solution to these
problems that occur is transferring them to Well
Woman's Clinical and Well Man’s Clinic

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WELL WOMAN’S CLINIC IN
ZIMBABWE
 It is female community health clinic offering a range of
services to women of all ages. They integrated approach to
health emphasizes prevention, education and action. They
provide quality health care by offering routine health
check-ups and treatment for specialty conditions.
 For Women coming for regular general check ups without
having particular problem this clinic is perfect.
 It makes them fee safe important and looks to all they needs
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WELL MAN’S CLINIC
 Well Mans Clinic is the same type of clinic but
that specializes in Men's problems and health
care
 Men can go here to have general check ups or
for particular male problems

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