01 Sprinkler 071408

Sprinkler Seminar
Materials of Construction
The components that make up a sprinkler

head are:
Frame or casting
Deflector
Fusible element or frangible bulb
Pip Cap
Pintle Screw
Belleville Spring
Viking Sprinklers utilize low zinc content
brass to provide a more resilient frame or
casting. This low zinc content protects the
sprinkler from de-zincification.
The Bellville Spring seals the water way of
the sprinkler. This metal to metal sealing
mechanism allows the waterway to clear
even when no pressure is on the inlet of the
sprinkler head.
Laboratory Approvals
AGENCY STANDARD
UL & c-UL (ULC) NFPA & UL Requirements
FM FM Requirements
(NFPA = minimum)
LPC LPC Standard
VDS VDS Standard
NYC & LA Specific City approvals
Types of Sprinkler Heads
1. Control Mode – Standard Response and Quick Response

Standard Coverage
Upright
Pendent
Sidewall
Extended Coverage
Upright
Pendent
Sidewall
Control Mode Special Application
Upright
Pendent
2. Suppression
ESFR – upright and Pendent
3. Residential
Control Mode Sprinklers
Control Mode Sprinklers are separated in the following

Categories:
Standard Coverage - Standard Response
Standard Coverage - Quick Response
Extended Coverage – Standard Response
Extended Coverage – Quick Response
Dry Barrel – Standard Response/Quick Response
Storage – Standard/Quick Response

Sprinkler Head Identification
Temperature Rating for

Glass Bulb Sprinklers
155°F 175°F 200or212°F 286°F 360°F 500°F
(68°C) (79°C) (93or100°C) (141°C) (182°C) (260°C)
Red Yellow Green Blue Mauve Black
Ordinary Intermediate High Extra Ultra
High High
Max Ceil Max Ceiling Max Ceil Max Ceil Max Ceil
Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp
100°F 150°F 225°F 300°F 465°F
(38°C) (65°C) (107°C) (149°C) (240°C)
Standard Response Elements – 5 mm bulb

155°F 175°F 200or212°F 286°F
Red
(68°C) Yellow
(79°C) Green
(93or100°C) Blue
(141°C)
Ordinary Intermediate High
Max Ceil Max Ceiling Max Ceil
Temp Temp Temp

Fast Response Elements – 3 mm bulb
Sprinkler Identification
Installed on the top of the sprinkler piping
Upright Sprinklers
Pendent sprinkler
fed through a ceiling
Pendent sprinkler
on exposed piping
Pendent Sprinklers are Installed on bottom of piping or through a ceiling

Sidewall Sprinklers are generally installed through a wall
Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler

K Factors
K factors are known as the coefficient of discharge.
The larger the K factor in number, the more water it
can discharge at a given pressure. There are (3)
current thread sizes used for sprinkler heads, ½”, ¾”,
and 1” threads.
Do not just match the thread size when replacing a

sprinkler head. Identify what orientation, K factor, and
temperature prior to replacing a sprinkler.
Nominal K Factors
What is a sprinkler “K- Factor”
K % of 5.6 Thread K % of 5.6 Thread
1.4 25% ½” 14.0 (200) 250% ¾”
1.9 33.3% ½” 16.8 (240) 300% ¾”
2.8 50% ½” 19.6 (280) 350% 1”
4.2 75% ½” 22.4 (320) 400% 1”

Baseline
5.6 (80) 100% ½” 25.2 (360) 450% 1”
8.0 (115) 140% ¾” 28.0 500% 1”
11.2 (160) 200% ¾”

Thermal Response
Requirements
Thermal Sensitivity
• STANDARD RESPONSE
– 3 Min. 51 Sec. Room Fire Test
– 100 Sec. Plunge Test
• QUICK RESPONSE
– 75 Sec. Room Fire Test
– 14 Sec. Plunge Test
• RESIDENTIAL
– Special Fire Test
– 14 Sec. Plunge
Thermal Sensitivity
Plunge Oven
Response
ResponseTime
TimeIndex
Index-- RTI
• RTI - measures the speed of

response of the heat sensitive
element
• Traditionally Fast Response Sprinklers
have a thermal element with an RTI of 50
(meters-seconds)1/2 or less. ESFR’s must
have a thermal element with an RTI of 36
(meters-seconds)1/2 or less Strut – 110 m-s½
• Standard Response Sprinklers have a Glass Bulb (5mm) - 105 m-s½
thermal element with an RTI of 80 Fusible Link – 26 m-s½
(meters-seconds)1/2 or more. Glass Bulb (3mm) - 36 m-s½ Glass
Bulb (2.5mm) - 22 m-s½ Heat Fin -
26 m-s½
Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Pendent and Upright

Standard Coverage Sprinkler Pendent or Upright

• Spray Sprinkler Distribution
16 ft (4,9 m) dia @ 4 ft (1,2 m) below deflector

15 gpm (0.95 L/s) for 1/2” (15 mm) “standard orifice”
21 gpm (1,3 L/s) for 3/4” (20 mm) “large orifice”
Standard Spray Sprinklers
Standard Spray Sprinklers- Upright
or Pendent
Standard Spray Sprinkler Spacing (Area of Coverage)

Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 225 sq. ft. max
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 130 sq. ft. max
Extra Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max
(Note: areas given for hydraulically calculated systems)
Hazard Occupancy
Classification of Occupancies
Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permitted in all
occupancy hazard classifications and building construction types.
5.1* Classification of Occupancies.
5.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to
sprinkler design, installation, and water supply requirements only.
5.1.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be intended to be a general
classification of occupancy hazards.
5.2* Light Hazard Occupancies.
Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions
of other occupancies where the quantity and/or combustibility of
contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
expected.
EXAMPLES: Churches, Clubs, Hospitals, Museums,
Offices, Restaurant Seating Areas
Occupancy Hazard
Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permitted in all occupancy hazard
classifications and building construction types.
5.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to sprinkler design,
installation, and water supply requirements only.
5.1.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be intended to be a general classification of
occupancy hazards.
5.3.1* Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).
Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of
other occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate,
stockpiles of combustibles do not exceed 8’-0”, and fires with moderate rates of heat
release are expected.
Examples:Restaurant Service Areas, Bakeries, Automobile Parking and
Showrooms, Laundries
5.3.2* Ordinary Hazard (Group 2). Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined
as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of
contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not exceed 12’, and fires with moderate to
high rates of heat release are expected.
Examples: Dry Cleaners, Horse Stables, Machine Shops, Library
Stack Rooms, Mercantile, Confectionary Products

Occupancy Hazard
Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permitted in all occupancy hazard
classifications and building construction types.
5.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to sprinkler design,
installation, and water supply requirements only.
5.1.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be intended to be a general classification of
occupancy hazards.
5.4.1* Extra Hazard (Group 1). Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of
contents are very high and dust, lint, or other materials are present, introducing the
probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with little or no
combustible or flammable liquids.
Examples: Combustible Hydraulic Fluid Use Areas, Metal
Extruding,
Saw Mills, Upholstering with Plastic Foams, Rubber Reclaiming
5.4.2* Extra Hazard (Group 2). Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of
flammable or combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is
extensive.
Examples: Flammable Liquids Spraying, Open Oil Quenching,
Minimum operating pressure is 7 psi. Flow rate per

sprinkler is determined by area x density or minimum
pressure multiplied by square root of minimum pressure
(which ever is greater)
Sprinkler Water Flow Rate
Q = Area x Density
Q = Water Flow
K = Coefficient of Q=Kx P
Discharge
P = Pressure
P = (Q/K)2
K = Q/ P
Standard Coverage Sprinklers
Sidewall
SIDEWALL SPRINKLER DISTRIBUTION

Must meet Average Distribution Requirements over the 100 ft2
(9,3 m2) area between two sprinklers spaced 10 ft. (3,05 m)
apart for standard 1/2” (15 mm) orifice sprinklers: 0.05 gpm/ft2
(0.034 L/s/m2) or 0.07gpm/ft2 (0.048 L/s/m2) for large orifice
sprinklers 17/32” (20 mm) : And still provide 3.5% against wall in
which sprinklers are installed, for both 1/2” and L/O.
Standard Coverage Sidewall
Sprinklers
Spray Pattern
Standard Coverage Sidewall
Sprinklers
Standard Spray Sprinkler Spacing (Area of Coverage)

Light Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 196 sq. ft. max
(18,2 sq. m)
Ordinary Hazard (as defined by NFPA 13) : 100 sq. ft. max
(9,29 sq. m)
(Note: Must be listed for Ordinary Hazard)

Extended Coverage Sprinklers
Pendent and Upright

Are only allowed in Light Hazard Occupancies

Unless specifically listed for Ordinary Hazard
Occupancies
Have maximum coverage areas of 400 sq. ft. as

mandated by NFPA 13. Spacing is in increments
of 2’-0” intervals, example: 12’x12’, 14’x14’
16’x16’, 18’x18’, 20’x20’
Sprinkler Spray Pattern
• EXTENDED COVERAGE
– FLOOR AREA PLUS WET THE WALL 30” (762 mm)
ABOVE THE FINISHED FLOOR
Model M ECOH- Model M ECOH- Model M ECLH- ECOH-K14

ELO Pendent ELO Upright ELO Pendent VELO Pendent
VK534 VK532 VK608 VK572
Extended Coverage Sprinklers - Pendent

ECLH-ELO Pendent
Spacing and Minimum Flow Rate

Extended Coverage Spacing
ECLH Sprinkler Minimum Design
Spacing Area of Light Hazard Minimum * % Fewer

coverage Density water flow Sprinklers
16’x16’ 256 ft² .10 gpm/sq ft. 19.6 gpm 13%
18’x18’ 324 ft² .10 gpm/sq ft. 32.4 gpm 30%
20’x20’ 400 ft² .10 gpm/sq ft. 40 gpm 44%
*Based on a 225 sq. ft. coverage area for standard coverage upright and pendent
ECOH-ELO Upright &Pendent

(Ordinary Hazard Group 1)
ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design

Spacing Area of Ord. Gr l Minimum * % Fewer
12’x12 144 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 21.6 gpm 10%
14’x14’ 196 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 29.4 gpm 35%
16’x16’ 256 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 38.4 gpm 50%
18’x18’ 324 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 48.6 gpm 60%
20’x20’ 400 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 60 gpm 66%
ECOH-ELO Upright &Pendent

(Ordinary Hazard Group 2)
ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design

Spacing Area of Ord. Gr ll Minimum * % Fewer
12’x12 144 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 28.8 gpm 10%
14’x14’ 196 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 39.2 gpm 35%
16’x16’ 256 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 51.2 gpm 50%
18’x18’ 324 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 64.8 gpm 60%
20’x20’ 400 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 80 gpm 66%
Aesthetic Sprinklers
and Finishes
Concealed Sprinklers
are installed to “Hide” the
sprinkler’s operating mechanism
and deflector.
Concealed sprinkler cover
plates may only be painted
by the manufacturer.
Viking applies a label with
the same color custom color
paint on the interior of the
cover plate to identify to the
AHJ and owner that the sprinkler
was painted by the manufacturer.
Special metal finishes are also available.
Adjustable concealed drop and sprinkler assemblies are desired where labor
rates are high.
Flat Plate Concealed Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler
Termed as the “Dorm Sprinkler”, this sprinkler is

a quick response standard coverage sprinkler.
The idea of a “Dorm Sprinkler” came from

requests from colleges and Universities for a
sprinkler that was “out of sight, out of mind”.
The wider air gap on the cover plate is required

to maintain the quick response listing.
Protective Cap
Removal Tool
Small or Large
Cover plate
Installation tool.
Cover Plate will

Attach to Existing
Mirage Concealed 2”
Sprinkler
3 ¼” Minimum ½”
Ceiling Flashing
Square Cover Plate to Address

New and Existing Interior Design
Available February 2009
Two Piece recessed escutcheons are specifically listed with the

sprinkler they can be used with because the operating element of
the sprinkler is recess above the plane of the ceiling. Viking offers
a threaded Model E-2 and a friction fit Model E-1 recessed
escutcheon. Recessed escutcheons allow for a ½” adjustment.
Two piece flush escutcheons appear similar to a recessed

escutcheon but do not recess the operating element of the sprinkler
above the plane of the ceiling. These escutcheons can also extend
the sprinkler farther below the ceiling. Viking offers a friction fit
Model F-1 flush two piece escutcheon.
Flat escutcheons do not require a specific listing with the sprinkler

they are to be used with as they do not recessed the operating
element of The sprinkler above the plane of the ceiling. Flat
escutcheons do not provide and adjustment when cutting back the
sprinkler, so they are rarely utilized in an installation.
Dry Barrel or Frame Style
Sidewall Sprinklers
Model G Escutcheon
Dry Sidewall Sprinklers

QREC-Pendent
Institutional Sprinkler
Institutional Sprinklers are utilized where there is concern that an occupant

of a facility will use the sprinkler to harm themselves or others. The pull
weight for the sprinkler to operate on a pendent institutional sprinkler is
40 lbs.
Institutional Sprinklers are utilized where there is concern that an occupant

of a facility will use the sprinkler to harm themselves or others. The pull
weight for the sprinkler to operate on a sidewall institutional sprinkler is
60 lbs.
Corrosion Resistant
Sprinklers
Corrosion Resistant Sprinklers
Wax Coated Stainless Steel Polyester

Corrosion resistant sprinklers are designed to resist exterior

elements that attack a standard brass sprinkler. Corrosion
resistant sprinklers may have a coating or may be
constructed of a corrosion resistant material. Corrosion
resistant sprinklers are available in different corrosion
resistance. The corrosion resistance required is
determined by the corrosive environment they are to be
installed in.
Brass Finish – Provides the

least corrosion resistance of
any sprinkler finish. Subject to Black Teflon Finish – A finish that
oxidation, (turning green), when is applied to sprinkler and pip cap.
exposed to moisture. Teflon has a higher corrosion resistance
than a polyester finish.
Chrome Finish – An ornamental
finish that provides a little more Wax Coated Finish – A brass sprinkler
corrosion resistance than brass Is dipped in wax. The entire sprinkler
only. is coated with the protective covering.
Wax coated sprinklers are the most
recognized corrosion resistant
White Polyester Finish – An sprinkler coating.
ornamental finish that provides
higher corrosion resistance
than chrome or brass. Wax over Polyester Coated Finish – A
polyester finished sprinkler Is dipped
in wax. The entire sprinkler is coated
Black Polyester Finish – An
with the protective covering. Wax over
ornamental finish that provides
polyester sprinklers provide the
higher corrosion resistance
highest corrosion resistance of a
than chrome or brass.
covered brass sprinkler.
Stainless Steel Sprinkler – A Stainless Steel sprinkler is available

either upright or pendent. The sprinkler frame, deflector and
Pip-cap are manufactured from stainless steel. The Belleville spring
is gold plated. A stainless steel sprinkler is used in aggressive
environments. A stainless steel sprinkler is very expensive
and is used when other coatings or finishes are not suitable
for an atmosphere. Stainless steel sprinklers are available with
or without wax coating.
Note: Corrosion resistance does not mean corrosion proof. A sprinkler’s data
page indicates its materials of construction. Appropriate finish choice for an
environment is the responsibility of the customer. Refer inquiries about
corrosion resistance of a sprinkler to Viking Technical Services.
Sprinklers Used in
Storage Occupancies
Typical Types of Storage
Rack Storage
Rolled Paper Storage
Palletized Storage
Idle Pallet Storage
Miscellaneous Storage Shelf Storage
Rubber Tire Storage
Baled Cotton Storage

Control Mode Sprinklers for Storage

Utilized For Storage
Storage Fires are very demanding and require more

water to control them than standard occupancy hazards.
Due to the nature of the fire and the subsequent heat release,
NFPA 13 places limitations on the orifice size that can be
used based on density requirements. (GPM per sq. ft.)
5.6 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .20 gpm

per sq. ft. and lower.
8.0 K factor sprinklers are limited to densities of .34 gpm

per sq. ft. and lower.
Densities greater than .34 gpm per sq. ft. require K factors of
11.2 or larger.
Why Larger K Factors?

Larger K factors develop larger water droplets that are able
to penetrate the fire plume and the thermal updraft.
Larger K factors also can discharge the same water flow rate
at much lower pressures, so they are more efficient at
controlling the fire.
Lower starting pressures at the sprinkler may save the

sprinkler designer a pipe size in their calculations, which
will lower the cost of the system installation.
Starting Pressure
P = (Q/K)²
P = Starting Pressure
Q = Flow Rate (GPM = Area x Density or Q= K P)
K = K factor of Sprinkler Head

Starting Pressure Comparison for Different Orifice Sprinklers
K Factor Flow Rate Starting Pressure
5.6 26 gpm 21.55 psi
8.0 26 gpm 10.56 psi
11.2 26 gpm 5.11 psi

(29.63 gpm) (min 7 psi)
16.8 26 gpm 2.39 psi
(44.44 gpm) (min 7 psi)
.20 gpm per sq. ft x 130 sq. ft. = 26 gpm

5.6 25 gpm 19.92 psi
8.0 25 gpm 9.76 psi
11.2 25 gpm 4.98 psi

(29.63 gpm) (min 7 psi)
16.8 25 gpm 2.21 psi

(44.44 gpm) (min 7 psi)

5.6 30 gpm 28.6 psi
8.0 30 gpm 14.06 psi
11.2 30 gpm 7.17 psi
16.8 30 gpm 3.18 psi

(44.44 gpm) (min 7 psi)

5.6 45 gpm 64.57 psi
8.0 45 gpm 31.64 psi
11.2 45 gpm 16.14 psi
16.8 45 gpm 7.17 psi

5.6 60 gpm 114.7 psi
8.0 60 gpm 56.25 psi
11.2 60 gpm 28.6 psi
16.8 60 gpm 12.75 psi

In-Rack Sprinklers
(also known as intermediate level sprinklers)

In-Rack Sprinklers
Generally, when storage exceeds 25’-0” in racks and
control mode sprinklers are utilized, levels of in-rack
sprinklers are within the rack structure.
In-rack sprinklers require water shields to protect their

operating elements from the ceiling sprinklers. Water
shields are required to be a minimum of 3” in diameter.
In-rack sprinklers are intermediate level sprinklers, as there

is at least one level of sprinklers above them.
In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield
Control Mode
Sprinklers
In-Rack Sprinklers
In-rack sprinklers are typically have k factors of 5.6 and
8.0, but in some cases are as large as 11.2.
In-rack sprinklers are usually located in the longitudinal

flue space of the rack, but can be located at the face of
the rack loading entrance and can be located within the
storage space within the rack.
Rack structures with solid barriers require levels of in-rack

sprinklers above the storage where the solid barriers exist.
Special Storage Sprinklers
K 11.2 Upright K 19.6 Pendent
CMSA Sprinklers
(Control Mode Special Application)
K 11.2 CMSA Upright Sprinkler
The K 11.2 CMSA upright sprinkler is known by a couple of other names;

The Large Drop Sprinkler
The High Challenge Sprinkler
The K 11.2 CMSA upright sprinkler was the first storage sprinkler developed
with full scale fire tests series.
As an upright sprinkler, it can be installed on dry systems and double interlocked

Pre-action systems. The greatest use of this sprinkler has been in the
protection of freezers, rolled paper storage, and rubber tire storage. Known for
many years as a Large Drop sprinkler, it was the first storage sprinkler to
prove that large water droplets penetrated the fire plume more effectively
than water droplets from standard spray sprinklers that have smaller water
droplets.
Page 1
Maximum Storage Maximum Water
Height Ceiling/Roof Height Hose Supply
Storage Commodity Type of Number of Operating Stream Duration
Arrangment Class ft m ft m K Factor System Sprinklers Pressure Allowance (hours)
On-Floor Idle Wood 11.2 25 psi (1.7 500 gpm
Pallets 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 15 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
11.2 25 psi (1.7 500 gpm
20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Dry 25 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
Palletized 11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 25 7.6 35 10.7 (160) Wet 15 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 25 7.6 35 10.7 (160) Dry 25 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class lV 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 20 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
Solid-Piled 11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 20 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Wet 15 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 20 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Dry 25 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
Palletized Cartoned or
exposed
unexpanded 11.2 25 psi (1.7 500 gpm
plastics 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 25 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
Cartoned or
exposed
expanded 11.2 50 psi (3.4 500 gpm
plastics 18 5.5 26 7.9 (160) Wet 15 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
Solid-Piled Cartoned or
exposed
expanded 11.2 50 psi (3.4 500 gpm
plastics 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 15 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
Page 2
Single-row, 11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
double-row, Class l or ll 25 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Wet 20 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
and multiple- 11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
row rack (no Class l or ll 25 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Dry 30 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
open top 11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
containers) Class l,ll,lll 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 15 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
11.2 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Dry 25 (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
15 + 1 level
11.2 of in-rack 25 psi 500 gpm
Class l,ll,lll 25 7.6 35 10.7 (160) Wet (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
25 + 1 level
Class l,ll,lll 25 7.6 35 10.7 (160) Dry (1.7 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
11.2 75 psi 500 gpm
15 + 1 level
Class lV 25 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Wet (3.4 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
20 + 1 level
15 + 1 level
Page 3
Single-row,
double-row, 11.2 20 + 1 Level 25 psi (1.7 500 gpm
and multiple- Class l or ll 30 9.1 35 10.7 (160) Wet of in-rack bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
row rack (no
open top 11.2 30 + 1 Level 25 psi (1.7 500 gpm
containers) Class l or ll 30 9.1 35 10.7 (160) Dry of in-rack bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
11.2 55 psi (3.8 500 gpm
Class l or ll 35 10.7 40 12.2 (160) Dry* 36 bar) (1900 lpm) 1 1/2
Single-row, Cartoned or 11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
double-row, Exposed 20 6.1 25 7.6 (160) Wet 15 (3.4 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
and multiple- Unexpanded 11.2 50 psi 500 gpm
row rack (no Plastics 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 30 (3.4 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
open top 11.2 75 psi 500 gpm
containers) 20 6.1 30 9.1 (160) Wet 20 (5.2 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 15 + 1 level 50 psi 500 gpm

25 7.6 30 9.1 (160) Wet of in-rack (3.4 bar) (1900 lpm) 2
11.2 30 + 1 level 50 psi 500 gpm

11.2 20 + 1 level 75 psi 500 gpm

Rubber tire stroage, on-side
or on-tread, in palletized
portable racks, or open
portable racks, or fixed
racks without solid shelves 11.2 75 psi 500 gpm
25 7.6 32 9.8 (160) Wet 15 (5.2 bar) (1900 lpm) 3
K 19.6 CMSA Pendent Sprinkler
VK 592 (K 19.6) Pendent Control Mode Special Application (CMSA) Sprinkler

Configuration Commodity Class Maximum Storage Maximum Number of Design Minimum Operating
Height Ceiling/Roof Height Sprinklers Pressure
Palletized and Solid Class l, ll, lll, and lV 25 ft (7.6m) 30 ft (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
Piled commodities 30 ft. (9.1m) 35 ft (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
35 ft. (10.7m) 40 ft (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 25 ft. (7.6m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
Palletized and Solid 20 ft. (6.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
Storage of Plastic 20 ft. (6.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
and Rubber Cartoned Un- 25 ft. (7.6m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
Commodities (no expanded Plastics 25 ft. (7.6m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
open-top containers 25 ft. (7.6m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
or solid shelves) 30 ft. (9.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
30 ft. (9.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
35 ft. (10.7m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
Note: Hose stream allowance is 500 gpm (1900 lpm)
Note: FM approval utilizes hose stream of 250 gpm and a 12 head design at 30’ storage
K 19.6 CMSA Pendent Sprinkler
VK 592 (K 19.6) Pendent Control Mode Special Application (CMSA) Sprinkler
Configuration Commodity Class Maximum Storage Maximum Number of Design Minimum Operating
Height Ceiling/Roof Height Sprinklers Pressure
20 ft. (6.1m) 25 ft. (7.6m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
Single-Row, Double- 20 ft. (6.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
Row, and Multiple- Class l, ll, lll, and lV 25 ft. (7.6m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
Row Rack (no open- commodities 25 ft. (7.6m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
top containers) 25 ft. (7.6m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
30 ft. (9.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
30 ft. (9.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
35 ft. (10.7m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 25 ft. (7.6m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
Single-Row, Double- 20 ft. (6.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
Row, and Multiple- Cartoned Un- 25 ft. (7.6m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
Row Rack (no open- expanded Plastics 25 ft. (7.6m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
top containers) 25 ft. (7.6m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
30 ft. (9.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 25 PSI (1.7bar)
30 ft. (9.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
35 ft. (10.7m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 25 ft. (7.6m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 30 ft. (9.1m) 15 16 PSI (1.1bar)
On Floor Idle Wood Pallets
20 ft. (6.1m) 35 ft. (10.7m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
20 ft. (6.1m) 40 ft. (12.2m) 15 30 PSI (2.06bar)
Note: Hose stream allowance is 500 gpm (1900 lpm)
Note: FM approval utilizes hose stream of 250 gpm and a 12 head design at 30’ storage
K19 Pendent CMSA Sprinkler
K19 Pendent CMSA Sprinkler
VK 592 (K 19.6) Concrete Tee

Installation Criteria
Concrete Tee Construction with

Stems spaced less than 7’-6” but
More than 3’-0” on centers, regardless
The depth of tee, located at the horizontal
Plane or 1” above the horizontal plane
Of the bottom of the stems.
Not allowed for ESFR’s

Storage Suppression Sprinklers
(Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR))
ESFR Sprinklers
ESFR Sprinklers were developed by Factory Mutual in the
early 1980’s. ESFR sprinklers are suppression sprinklers
meaning these type of sprinklers are designed not to
control a fire, but to suppress the fire.
ESFR sprinklers in standard commodity storage, such as
Class l, Class ll, Class lll, Class lV, commodities and plastic
commodities, can eliminate in-rack sprinklers. ESFR
sprinklers are limited to wet type sprinkler systems and
must be installed in buildings that have flat ceilings or
roofs. (Flat ceilings are defined as roof pitches no greater
than 2 inches in 12 inches.
In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield
Control Mode
Sprinklers
ESFR Sprinklers
Eliminate In-Rack
Sprinklers in most
Cases
K 14 and K 16.8 Pendent ESFR’s
K 14 Pendent ESFR K 16.8 Pendent ESFR
K 14 and K16.8 Pendent ESFR

ESFRs MUST be located close enough

to the ceiling to react quickly to heat
during early stages of fire.
K-14 and 16.8 Pendent ESFRs
• locate fusible element between 100
mm (4 in,) and 330 mm (13 in.)
below ceiling.
• Ceiling slopes may not exceed 170
mm/m (2 in./ft).
• Automatic smoke vents are not
SPRAY PATTERN FOR ESFR PENDENT SPRINKLER

Avoid Obstructions
Do not have any obstruction directly
Below the pendent ESFR sprinkler head.
Do not locate a pendent ESFR closer

Than 1’-0” to bottom chord of a bar joist.
Water discharge from the ESFR will be re-

directed from the fire to adjacent ESFR
sprinklers.
Avoid Obstructions
Normally (12) ESFR sprinklers are designed
to operate in a fire. If an ESFR sprinkler is
obstructed, the re-directed water discharge
will cool ESFR sprinklers near it and prevent
them from operating. Heat from the fire will
travel to ESFR sprinklers away from the fire
and cause them to operate, which will have
tragic consequences. More ESFR sprinklers
will operate than designed for and the fire
will not be suppressed or controlled.
ESFR
Obstruction Criteria
Of Particular Concern:
...anything within 12” (305 mm) laterally of the
deflector within the 24” (610 mm) space under the
sprinkler.
…obstructions as small as 3/4” (19 mm) diameter
bridging can interfere with proper ESFR pendent
Sprinkler performance,….”
Skipping
Allowable Spacing (per FM 2-2):
80 Sq. Ft. to 100 Sq. Ft. per Sprinkler

Distance between sprinklers & branch lines:
For buildings over 30 ft. high, do not
exceed 10 feet. For lower building heights
spacing between sprinklers and branch
lines may range from 8 ft. to 12 ft.
K 14 Pendent ESFR’s
Minimum K14 Design Pressure and Flow Rate

Ceiling Height Minimum Flow Rate
Pressure
30 ft and less 50 PSI 98.99 GPM
40 ft to greater 75 PSI 121.2 GPM

than 30 ft
*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.
K 16.8 Pendent ESFR’s
Minimum K16.8 Design Pressure and Flow Rate

Ceiling Height Minimum Flow Rate
Pressure
30 ft and less 35 PSI 98.99 GPM
40 ft to greater 52 PSI 121.2 GPM

than 30 ft
*Refer to Specific Design Standard for Commodity Storage

And specific application installation requirements.
K 14 Upright ESFR
Upright K 14 ESFR
Distance below ceiling:

Position fusible element between 4”
(100 mm) and 13” (330 mm) below the
ceiling.
Install directly onto piping:

up to 3” (75 mm)
Upright K 14 ESFR
FM Approved for installation according

to FM’s latest edition of their Loss
Prevention Data Sheets 2-2 and 8-9
and the current edition of Viking
Technical Data describing the ESFR
upright.
Upright K 14 ESFR
Allowable Spacing (per FM 2-2):

80 Sq. Ft. to 100 Sq. Ft. per Sprinkler
Distance between sprinklers & branch lines:
For buildings over 30 ft. high, do not
exceed 10 feet. For lower building heights
spacing between sprinklers and branch
lines may range from 8 ft. to 12 ft.
Upright K 14 ESFR
Commodity Restrictions for Upright ESFR Sprinklers

Upright
Commodity
K = 14
Class 1-4 and Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic (35 ft. Roof Max) Yes
Uncartoned Unexpanded Plastic No
Cartoned Expanded Plastic, 30 ft. Roof Yes
Uncartoned Expanded Plastic No
Heavyweight Roll paper Yes
Plastic-Coated Heavyweight Roll Paper Yes
Medium Weight Roll Paper Yes
Light Weight (Tissue) Roll Paper No
Rubber Tires On-Side and On-Tread Yes
Aerosols
Level 1 Aerosols on floor and in open-frame racks only No
YES
Flammable Liquids No
Idle Pallets on floor storage of idle wooden pallets only No
Yes
Upright K 14 ESFR
Upright K14 ESFR sprinklers are

approved for installation above
continuous, ungrouped, obstructions up to
4” (100 mm) wide when protecting Class
I-IV or cartoned unexpanded or expanded
plastics commodities. (Refer to FM
Global’s Engineering Bulletin 14-00)
Full scale fire tests were performed to
prove small obstructions did not
negatively effect the performance of the
sprinkler.
Upright K 14 ESFR
Upright ESFR
Factory Mutual Test Facility
When can Upright and Pendent
ESFR’s be installed on the same
system?
Allowable Installation
When the ceiling height does not exceed 35’-0”, and the
commodities being stored are within the allowable
protection schemes of upright ESFR sprinklers.
Both upright and pendent ESFR sprinklers are required

to have their fusible element within 4” and 13” from the
ceiling. Generally sprinkler lines with obstructed pendent
ESFR sprinklers can have their outlets turned 180° and
accommodate an upright ESFR.
Obstruction to
pendent ESFR.
Many times
obstructions occur
after the sprinklers
are installed.
Other trades will
install their materials
below pendent
ESFR’s, obstructing
the sprinkler and
creating an in-effective
system installation.
When room exists
above the sprinkler
line for an upright
ESFR sprinkler,
turning the outlet
to the pendent
sprinkler
180° and installing
an upright ESFR
is a cost effective
method of repairing
the problem.
K 25.2 ESFR
• UL Listed FM Approved for rack

storage up to 40’ high in 45’ high
buildings with no in-rack sprinklers.
Refer to individual design
standards for specific commodity
and application requirements.
* Deflector distance- minimum of 4”
(102mm), and a maximum of 18”
(457mm).
K 25.2 ESFR
• Factory Mutual has different

design requirements for K-25
ESFR sprinklers than UL. NFPA 13
utilizes the UL design
requirements, but in some cases
uses FM design requirements for
specific storage types; example:
rubber tire storage.
K 25.2 ESFR
Factory Mutual K25.2 ESFR Design

UL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
FM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS CLASS I, II, III, & IV AND CARTONED
CLASS l, ll, lll, lV and CARTONED UNEXPANDED PLASTICS
UNEXPANDED PLASTICS
ROOF SLOPE CANNOT EXCEED 2/12 FOR BUILDINGS OVER 30 FEET (9,1M) HIGH,
HEAD SPACING CAN RUN BETWEEN 8’ TO 10’
MINIMUM OF 36” (914MM) CLEARANCE (2,4 TO 3,1M), AS LONG AS THE AREA PER
FROM DEFLECTOR TO TOP OF STORAGE SPRINKLER DOES NOT EXCEED 100 SQ.FT.
INSTALL ON WET SYSTEMS ONLY (9,3 SQ. M.)
REFER TO VIKING TECH DATA SHEETS FOR BUILDING HEIGHTS UP TO 30 FEET

AND LATEST EDITION OF FM LOSS (9,1M) HIGH, SPACING CAN RUN BETWEEN 8’
PREVENTION SHEETS AS WELL AS NFPA TO 12’ (2,4 TO 3,7M), AS LONG AS THE AREA
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADDITIONAL DESIGN PER SPRINKLER DOES NOT EXCEED 100
AND INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS. SQ.FT. (9,3 SQ. M.)
K25.2 ESFR
Storage Ceiling UL Flow FM Flow

Height Height And PSI And PSI
40 45 159.3 gpm 178.1 gpm
40 psi 50 psi
35 40 126 gpm 159.3 gpm

25 psi 40 psi
30 35 112.6 gpm 138 gpm

20 psi 30 psi
25 30 97.5 gpm 112.6 gpm

15 psi 20 psi
K 25.2 ESFR DESIGN COMPARISON

Dry Barrel Sprinklers
Dry barrel sprinklers are custom made

sprinklers that are designed to be installed
on dry pipe system, pre-action systems,
or fed from a wet system to protect an
area subject to freezing.
Deflector
Frangible bulb
Frame
Split Seat
Coated Steel Barrel
Circular Crush Seal

Bellville Spring
Seal Assembly
Dry Upright Sprinkler Dry Barrel Sprinkler Components
Plain Barrel Adjustable Recessed
Dry Pendent Sprinklers

Adjustable
Plain Barrel
Recessed
Dry Sidewall Sprinklers

Dry barrel sprinklers should be installed in a “tee” type fitting.

Dry barrel sprinklers should never be installed into a weld-o-
let or pipe thread protector. If a dry barrel sprinkler must be
installed into a pipe coupling, it must have tapered threads
and not allow the top of the dry barrel sprinkler to come into
contact with the pipe end that is feeding it.
Dry K 14 ESFR
K 14 Dry ESFR
The VK 501 Dry Barrel Sprinkler is a UL listed dry

barrel suppression sprinkler, the first in history.
As a suppression sprinkler, it is designed to

suppress high challenge storage fires.
Cold storage facilities have always proven to be

difficult to protect due to the limitations in sprinkler
options for pre-action systems and the time delay
for water to be discharged from the sprinkler.
The K14 Dry ESFR eliminates the need for

Pre-action systems and allows for a suppression
sprinkler to be supplied from a wet system.
PN 14909AC
Installation on Wet Systems Only
K 14 Dry ESFR
Design Criteria
The VK 501 Dry Barrel ESFR can protect the same
commodity storage in the same storage arrangements
as a standard pendent K14 ESFR
The design criteria for the VK 501 is the same as

A K14 pendent ESFR:
Ceilings up to 30’-0” (9,1m): 12 sprinklers @ 50 psi

(3,44 Bar)
Ceilings above 30-0” (9,1m) to 40’-0” (12,19 m):
12 sprinklers @ 75 psi (5,1 Bar)
(4) Sprinklers must be calculated on the (3) most

hydraulically demanding sprinkler lines
PN 14909AC
Storage
Dry ESFR Sprinkler
• K14 (20,1) Dry barrel

ESFR sprinkler
• 3’-0” (,9 m) in length
• Available in 2” (50 mm)
grooved connection or 1
½” (40 mm) threaded
Connection
• Same installation
criteria and obstruction
limitations as standard
K14 (20,1) pendent
ESFR

Dry ESFR Sprinkler
System Material and Cost Comparison

Crawl space Sprinkler Piping
(Heated Space)
Freezer Ceiling Sprinkler Piping

Insulated Ceiling
In-Rack Sprinkler Piping
Crawl Space Sprinkler System

a) generally wet
In-Rack Sprinkler System
a) generally D/I pre-action
Freezer Ceiling Sprinkler System
a) generally D/I pre-action
Additional Requirements:
Air Supply
Detection
Low Point Drains
Inspection Points to Search for Frost
Typical Method of Protecting a Freezer Plugs
Located in a Warehouse
Crawl Space Sprinkler Piping
(Heated Space)
Dry Barrel ESFR Sprinkler
Insulated Freezer Ceiling
Crawl Space Sprinkler Piping

a) Must be Wet System
Dry Barrel ESFR
a) 3’-0” Long (only length available)
b) Includes (2) sealing boots
Typical Dry ESFR Installation

System Installation Cost
Comparison
Dry ESFR vs. Conventional Method
Prices Provided in USD

Grooved K 14 Dry ESFR Sprinkler
• Grooved Unit is Standard

• 2” (50 mm) Groove coupling not
included
• Part Number: 14909AC
• (2) Penetration Seals Included in
Dry barrel packaging
* (1) Dry Barrel Sprinkler per package

Threaded K 14 Dry ESFR Sprinkler
• Threaded Version available NPT and BSP

• Threaded version is 1 ½” (40mm) male
thread
• NPT Part Number: 14910AC
• BSP Part Number: 14911AC
• (2) Penetration Seals Included in
Dry barrel packaging

K 14 Dry ESFR Seal Assembly
The VK 501 is shipped

complete with (2)
insulating seals and
seal covers
Seal Assembly Installation
Split the rubber seal

at the perforation and
place over dry barrel
Slide rubber seal

down/up dry barrel
and place it flat
against the ceiling
Penetration Seals – (2) each included with Dry Barrel ESFR

Seal Assembly Installation
Metal Seal cover is

two halves that push
together to form the
seal cover
Press the metal seal

cover halves together
until the fastening holes
align. Once fastening
holes are aligned install
fastening screw through
seal and thread into
insulated freezer structure
Penetration Seals – (2) each included with Dry Barrel ESFR

Spray Nozzles
Spray Nozzles
Spray Nozzles
Spray nozzles are different than sprinkler heads as they

are generally installed to discharge over a surface area
of an object.
Spray nozzles generally discharge small water droplets to

aid in surface area cooling of an object.
Some spray nozzles are designed for a single objective,

such as a window sprinkler. Other spray nozzles are designed
for a variety of applications such as the A-D nozzles and the
Model E nozzle. Other spray nozzles are designed as
automatic nozzles meaning they have a fusible element so
they can be directed at turbine bearings, such as the Model
M nozzle.
Spray Nozzles
Window Sprinklers
Spray Nozzles
Window Sprinklers
Spray Nozzles
Open Spray Nozzles

Spray Nozzles
Thank You

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Sprinkler Seminar

The components that make up a sprinkler

1. Control Mode – Standard Response and Quick Response

Control Mode Sprinklers are separated in the following

Standard Coverage - Standard Response

Standard Coverage - Quick Response

Extended Coverage – Standard Response

Extended Coverage – Quick Response

Dry Barrel – Standard Response/Quick Response

Storage – Standard/Quick Response

Temperature Rating for

Standard Response Elements – 5 mm bulb

Max Ceil Max Ceiling Max Ceil

Temp Temp Temp

Installed on the top of the sprinkler piping

Pendent Sprinklers are Installed on bottom of piping or through a ceiling

Sidewall Sprinklers are generally installed through a wall

Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler

Do not just match the thread size when replacing a

1.9 33.3% ½” 16.8 (240) 300% ¾”

2.8 50% ½” 19.6 (280) 350% 1”

4.2 75% ½” 22.4 (320) 400% 1”

8.0 (115) 140% ¾” 28.0 500% 1”

11.2 (160) 200% ¾”

• RTI - measures the speed of

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

Pendent and Upright

Standard Coverage Sprinkler Pendent or Upright

16 ft (4,9 m) dia @ 4 ft (1,2 m) below deflector

Standard Spray Sprinkler Spacing (Area of Coverage)

Stack Rooms, Mercantile, Confectionary Products

Minimum operating pressure is 7 psi. Flow rate per

Standard Coverage Sprinklers

SIDEWALL SPRINKLER DISTRIBUTION

Standard Spray Sprinkler Spacing (Area of Coverage)

(Note: Must be listed for Ordinary Hazard)

Extended Coverage Sprinklers

Pendent and Upright

Are only allowed in Light Hazard Occupancies

Have maximum coverage areas of 400 sq. ft. as

Model M ECOH- Model M ECOH- Model M ECLH- ECOH-K14

Extended Coverage Sprinklers - Pendent

Spacing and Minimum Flow Rate

ECLH Sprinkler Minimum Design

Spacing Area of Light Hazard Minimum * % Fewer

18’x18’ 324 ft² .10 gpm/sq ft. 32.4 gpm 30%

20’x20’ 400 ft² .10 gpm/sq ft. 40 gpm 44%

ECOH-ELO Upright &Pendent

Spacing and Minimum Flow Rate

ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design

14’x14’ 196 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 29.4 gpm 35%

16’x16’ 256 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 38.4 gpm 50%

18’x18’ 324 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 48.6 gpm 60%

20’x20’ 400 ft² .15 gpm/sq ft. 60 gpm 66%

ECOH-ELO Upright &Pendent

Spacing and Minimum Flow Rate

ECOH Sprinkler Minimum Design

14’x14’ 196 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 39.2 gpm 35%

16’x16’ 256 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 51.2 gpm 50%

18’x18’ 324 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 64.8 gpm 60%

20’x20’ 400 ft² .20 gpm/sq ft. 80 gpm 66%

Flat Plate Concealed Horizontal Sidewall Sprinkler

Termed as the “Dorm Sprinkler”, this sprinkler is