CHAPTER 2

CULTURE
 WHAT IS CULTURE ?

• Language, Beliefs, Values, Norms, Behavior Passed from One Generation to the Next
 Material Culture

the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, machines,
hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
 Nonmaterial Culture – ( also called symbolic culture )

a group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and
doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction)
 CULTURE AND TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED
ORIENTATIONS
• What is Normal, Natural, or Usual?
Our speech, our gestures, our beliefs, and our customs, are usually taken for granted. We assume
that they are “normal”, and we almost always follow them without question.
 CULTURE SHOCK

• Culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment
which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when
experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move
between social environments, or simply transition to another type of life
 CULTURE AND TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED
ORIENTATIONS
• Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a term used in social sciences and anthropology to describe the act of judging
another culture and believing that the values and standards of one's own culture are superior –
especially with regard to language, behavior, customs, and religion
 COMPONENTS OF SYMBOLIC CULTURE

• Symbolic Culture
another term for nonmaterial culture
• Symbol
something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others. The
major elements of culture are symbols, language, norms, values, and artifacts. Language makes
effective social interaction possible and influences how people conceive of concepts and objects.
 CULTURAL RELATIVISM

• Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms. Looking at how the elements
of a culture fit together, without judging those elements as superior or inferior to our own way of
life.
 COMPONENTS OF SYMBOLIC CULTURE

• Gestures
The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another. A movement of part
of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.
 COMPONENTS OF SYMBOLIC CULTURE

• Language
 Provides social or shared past
Without language, our memories would be extremely limited, for we associate experiences with
words and then use words to recall the experience. As we talk about past events, we develop shared
understandings about what those events mean. In short, through talk, people develop a shared past.
Provides social or shared future
language enables us to agree on times, dates, and places, it allows us to plan activities with one
another.
Allows shared perspective
When we talk with one another, we are exchanging ideas about events; that is, we are sharing
perspectives
Allows complex, shared, goal-directed behavior
Common understandings enable us to establish a purpose for getting together. Let’s suppose you
want to go on a picnic. You use speech not only to plan the picnic but also to decide on reasons for
having the picnic.
 VALUES, NORMS, AND SANCTIONS

• Values –
• The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad,
beautiful or ugly.
• Norms – expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
• Sanctions – The term sanctions refers to the reactions people receive for following or
breaking norms
 CONT…

• Positive Sanction – a rewards or positive reaction following norms, ranging from a smile, prize
• Negative Sanction – an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, For example Punishment
for braking a norm or rule.
 FOLKWAYS AND MORES

• Folkways – norms that are not strictly enforced

Example: walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk , Ignoring, Respect for others.
Mores – norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the
well-being of the group
Example: A person who steals, or kills has violated some of society’s most important mores.
 SUBCULTURES AND COUNTERCULTURES

• Subculture – The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the
larger culture; a world within a world
• Counterculture – a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in
opposition to the broader culture. Most modern countercultural actions aim to show opposition,
disagreement towards the current culture in place. Counterculture is often displayed through
protesting against a particular issue, and even creating a new culture when the one in place
becomes unsatisfying Example strikes
• Pluralistic Society – a society made up of many different groups
 EMERGING VALUES

• Leisure
• Self-fulfillment
Focus on “self-help,” “relating,” and “personal development
• Physical Fitness
Nutrition, organic foods, weight, and diet
• Concern for the Environment
The environment was viewed as something to be exploited— forests to be cleared for farm land
and rivers and lakes to be fished, and animals to be hunted.
• Value Cluster – values that together form a larger whole, People from different backgrounds tend
to have different value systems, which cluster together into a more or less consistent system.
• Value Contradiction – values that contradict one another; to follow one means to come into
conflict with the other.
 VALUES AND CULTURE

• Culture Wars: When Values Clash

• Value as Blinders
• “ Ideal” vs. “Real” Culture
Ideal Culture – the ideal values and norms of a people; the goals held out for them
Real culture – the norms and values that people actually follow
 TECHNOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE

• Technology in the Global Village

• The New Technology - New Tools
• Technology – in it narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures
necessary to make and use those tools
• New Technology – the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social
life Cultural Lag and Cultural Change
• Cultural Lag –human behavior lagging behind technological innovations Cultural Diffusion –
the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another, refers to the process by which
U.S. culture is being exported and diffused into other nations
• Technology and Cultural Leveling
• Cultural Leveling – the process by which cultures become similar to one another, Cultural
leveling is the process of cultures becoming more and more alike due to increases in things like
communication, globalization, technology, immigration and travel
 CASE STUDY

• How culture changes the goals and objective of APIL?

• What conflict APIL is facing between their HR policy and Organizational culture and how they
can solve it?
• How APIL engage employees more effectively?
• How APIL aligning employees and its interests?
• How conflict and symbolic interactionist approaches explain cultural change?
• Difference between ideal and real culture give one example
• How counter culture can be resolve?