Internationalism and Foreign

Policy
 The Rules for Rulers
• In order to take power and control “national
interest” in a democratic society…
– You must act in the best interest of the MAJORITY
of your citizens
– You must keep them happy
– You must follow the laws put in place
• So how can this relate to foreign policy?
 Who Oversees Foreign Policy in Canada?

• Global Affairs Canada

• Minister of Foreign Affairs
(Mélanie Joly– LIB)
• Minister of Foreign Affairs
Mandate Letter (pm.gc.ca)
So who drives these motives?

Country

Canada’s
Foreign
Policy

Government World
 Influences on Canada’s Foreign Policy
Country Government World
Residents/Voters Governing Party Treaties and International
Obligations
Citizens’ Groups (Assembly Opposition Parties Non-Governmental
of First Nations) Organizations
Public Opinion Polls Senate Churches
Local Businesses and Provincial Governments Treaties and International
Industries Obligations
Media Prime Minister and Cabinet University Experts
History Minister of Foreign Affairs Foreign Governments
Diplomats and Civil International Businesses
Servants and Industries
Federal Ministries
(National Defence, Finance)
Foreign Policy to Promote
Internationalism?
 The First Way: Encouraging Peace
• Powerful strategy for promoting
internationalism
• Impacts all four motives in a variety of ways
• Help to end violent crimes against humanity
and other impacts of ultranationalism
Two Major Foreign Policy Tools?
Both tend to be associated with ECONOMIC
STABILITY
Neither use violence
Two Major Foreign Policy Tools?
Both tend to be associated with ECONOMIC
STABILITY
Neither use violence

Incentives Sanctions
Incentives
• Positive offers that promote good behaviour
• Can include loans, aid, trade, or participation
in international groups
• Intended to get countries to stop behaviour
that the world community frowns upon IN
EXCHANGE for economic prosperity
– Human rights abuses, forced labour, imprisoning
political opponents, child labour, etc.
 Example of Incentives:
Turkey and the European Union
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=NTQexx3EOUw
Sanctions
• Negative moves designed to force a country to
do something
• Cutting off trade and other economic ties
• Forces country to go through economic
hardship
 Example of Sanctions:
North Korea
• International economic and trade sanctions to
deter North Korean nuclear activity
 A Non-Economic Sanction:
Russian Doping
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Wn0btVjIXko
 Do Sanctions Work?
• Sanctions are controversial
– Most are found to be ineffective
– Unintended consequences for innocent civilians and nearby
consequences
– Will of might or will of right?
• Iraq 1990
– Invaded Kuwait, received sanctions by the United Nations
– Hit the population instead of the leadership
– Economic downturn, food shortages, polio reemerged
– As many as 576,000 Iraqi children have died since the end of the
Gulf War as a result of economic sanctions imposed
• Iran 2010
– UN imposed sanctions against pursuit of nuclear development
– China didn’t follow, and the sanctions had little effect
 Smart Sanctions
• A way to respond to the consequences
• Target specific people or problem groups
• Russia 2014
– Annexed Crimea and promoted instability in Eastern
Ukraine
– USA and EU financially restricted particular Russian
companies and members of Putin’s inner circle
• Meant to have Russia return de facto control
– Economic crisis due to low value of the ruble, tens of
billions of dollars lost
 What if that doesn’t work?
What if you don’t have time?
 The Second Way: Peacekeeping
• Designed by Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister
Lester B Pearson in response to the Suez Crisis of
1956
• Approach to promoting peace between two sides
and prevent civilian deaths
• Promoting long-lasting peace, transition, and
development
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtegUGSK1bg
• 57 completed missions (some successful, others
not), 15 currently deployed
 3 Rules of Peacekeeping
• 3 Rules
– Consent: Respect the rule of the host country
– Impartiality: Can’t pick sides
– Self-defence: Only fight to defend themselves

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7EcymA9bFro
 Peacemaking?
• End armed conflict and human rights abuses
• Go into a country and create peace whether
the host country likes it or not
• Not as limited in the same way as
peacekeepers
• Not necessarily neutral
 The Third Way: International Law and
Agreements
• Based upon widely accepted international norms and customs,
UN resolutions, and international treaties, agreements, and
conventions
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
– Territorial sea
• 22.2 KM
• The sovereign territory of the state
– Contiguous Zone
• 44.4 KM
• Where a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing
infringement on sovereignty
– Exclusive Economic Zone
• 320 KM
• The area where a country cannot prohibit passage on, but does have control
over economic resources
– Has had an impact on Arctic sovereignty and Canadian resource
 The Ottawa Treaty
• Signed outside of the United Nations
• Evolved after the UN Convention on Inhumane
Weapons was largely ignored
• In 1992, Jody Williams, supported by several
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), started the
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
• Organized an international meeting in Ottawa in 1997
with then-Minister of Foreign Affairs Lloyd Axworthy
• Drafted the Ottawa Treaty, which has been signed by
166 states
 International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• Created in 1945 as an international court for countries
• Can rule on cases regarding international law
• 15 Justices from different countries and legal systems
• Provides…
– Contentious Cases, where countries agree to a binding verdict
– Advisory Opinions where UN groups can ask for the court’s non-
binding legal guidance on an issue
• BUT rulings are only binding if both countries agree before
the case
• AND only recognized countries are parties of the ICJ (not
cultural or ethnic groups)
 The Fourth Way: Foreign Aid
• Closely linked to the humanitarianism motive
• Transferring of money from developed to developing
nations for basic needs as well as infrastructure projects
• 0.7% Solution
– Proposed in 1969 by Lester B Pearson (Prime Minister at that
point)
– Said that foreign aid can be very successful if the world’s
developed nations spend only 0.7% of their Gross National
Income (the value of goods and services produced by a
state’s nationals in a year)
– VERY few nations have met this
– Canada in 2017 gave 0.26%
Four Common Flaws of Foreign Aid
• Tied Aid
– Aid is given with strings attached
• Exclusive economic rights, opening of markets, adopting political
ideology
• Corruption
– Corrupt government officials can seize money and supplies
• Organization Oversaturation
– A multitude of IGOs and NGOs operating in a country can
slow down aid being sent to a country
– Can also exhaust government resources
• Bureaucracy
– Organizations must pay their workers
–