CO1-Concepts of Stress and Strain

CONCEPTS STRESS AND STRAIN
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Dr P Nallasamy
PSG College of Technology
03/30/2024 MOM-Stress and Strain 1

STRESS
• Stress = Force / Area
Types of Stresses:
1. Tensile stress
2. Compressive stress
3. Shear stress

Shear Stress
• It acts tangential to the surface of the material
Single shear Double shear

STRESS

Strain
• Strain = Change in dimension/Original dimension
Types of Strains:
1. Tensile strain
2. Compressive strain
3. Shear strain
4. Volumetric strain

Hooke’s Law
• Sir Robert Hooke first stated this

property of a material in 1678 after
noticing the linear relationship between
applied forces and deformations.
• Thus, stress is proportional to strain

within the elastic limit.

FACTOR OF SAFETY

Problem 1
• A circular bar 20 mm in diameter
and 200 mm long is subjected to a
force of 20 kN. Find the stress,
strain, and elongation in the bar if
the value of E = 80 GPa.

Problem-2
A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is subjected
to a tensile force 40 kN. The modulus of elasticity for steel may
be taken as 200 kN/mm2. Find stress, strain and elongation of
the bar due to applied load.
Stress =?
Strain = ?
Elongation = ?
Problem-3

HW Problem-1
Find the minimum diameter of a steel wire, which is
used to raise a load of 4000 N if the stress in the rod is
not to exceed 95 MN/m2
Diameter =?

HW Problem-2
The safe stress, for a hollow steel column which carries
an axial load of 2100 kN is 125 MN/m2. If the external
diameter of the column is 300 mm, determine the
internal diameter.
Internal Diameter =?

Evaluation of material characteristics after
TENSILE TEST

(a) Limit of Proportionality (A): It is the limiting value of the
stress up to which stress is proportional to strain.
(b) Elastic Limit: This is the limiting value of stress up to which if

the material is stressed and then released (unloaded) strain
disappears completely and the original length is regained. This
point is slightly beyond the limit of proportionality.
(c) Upper Yield Point (B): This is the stress at which, the load
starts reducing and the extension increases. This phenomenon is
called yielding of material. At this stage strain is about 0.125 per
cent (stress is about 250 N/mm2 for mild steel).
(d) Lower Yield Point (C): At this stage the stress remains same
but strain increases for some time.

(e) Ultimate Stress (D): This is the maximum stress the material can resist. (This
stress is about 370–400 N/mm2 for mild steel). At this stage cross-sectional area
at a particular section starts reducing very fast. This is called neck formation.
After this stage load resisted and hence the stress developed starts reducing.
(f) Breaking Point (E): The stress at which finally the specimen fails is called
breaking point. At this strain is 20 to 25 per cent.

NOMINAL or ENGINEERING STRESS AND TRUE STRESS

Problem-4

BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS

Problem-5

Problem-5
• A bar of length 1000 mm and diameter 30 mm is centrally bored
for 400 mm, the bore diameter being 10 mm as shown in Fig.
Under a load of 30 kN, if the extension of the bar is 0.222 mm,
what is the modulus of elasticity of the bar?

BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS
A bar of uniform thickness ‘t’ tapers uniformly from a width of b1 at one end to b2 at other
end in a length ‘L’ as shown in Fig. Expression for the change in length of the bar when
subjected to an axial force P is given below

BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS-SECTIONS
A tapering rod has diameter d1 at one end and it tapers uniformly to a diameter d2 at the
other end in a length L as shown in Fig. If modulus of elasticity of the material is E, its
change in length when subjected to an axial force P is given below

Problem-6

Principle of Superposition
• When a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting strain, will
be the algebraic sum of strains caused by the individual loads

Problem-8
A bar of uniform cross section 20 mm diameter is subjected to loads as
shown in Fig. Find the total elongation of the bar and the maximum stress in
the bar. E = 200 GPa. (All lengths are in mm.)

BARS OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS
• A bar made up of two or more bars of
equal lengths but of different materials
rigidly fixed with each other and
behaving as one unit for extension or
compression when subjected to an axial
tensile or compressive loads, is called a
composite bar

• The extension or compression in
each bar is equal. Hence strain in
each bar is equal
• Total load is equal to the sum of

loads carried by each different
material
COMPOSITE BAR

Problem-9

Problem-10

Problem-11
• A load of 2 MN is applied on a short concrete column
500 mm x 500 mm. The column is reinforced with
four steel bars of 10 mm diameter, one in each corner.
Find the stresses in the concrete and steel bars.
• Take E for steel as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and for concrete

as1.4 x 104 N/mm2

Problem-11
• A steel rod and two copper rods together
support a load of 370 kN as shown in
Fig. The cross-sectional area of steel rod
is 2500 mm2 and of each copper rod is
1600 mm2. Find the stresses in the rods.
• Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and

for copper = 1x 105 N/mm2.

Thermal Stresses
• Thermal stresses are induced in a body
due to change in temperature
• Thermal stresses are set up in a body

when the temperature of a body is
raised or lowered and the body is not
allowed to expand or contract freely
• But if the body is allowed to expand or

contract freely, no stresses will be set
up in the body
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03/30/2024 69
Problem-12

Problem-13

THERMAL STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BARS
• Free expansion of brass will
be more than that of the steel
• But the expansion of

composite bar, will be less
than that of brass and more
than that of the steel
• Hence, stress induced in brass

will be compressive and steel
will be tensile

Problem-14

Punching Force

STRAIN ENERGY
• The energy, which is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is
known as strain energy
• The strain energy stored in the body is equal to the work done by the
applied load in stretching the body
• S.E will be stored when the load is applied Gradually or Suddenly or

with an Impact

Resilience:
The total strain stored in a body is commonly known as resilience.
It is also defined as the capacity of a strained body for doing work on the removal
of the straining force.
Proof Resilience:
It is the quantity of strain energy stored in a body when strained upto elastic limit
Modulus of Resilience:
It is the proof resilience of a material per unit volume

Strain Energy stored in a body when the
load is applied Gradually

load is applied Suddenly

Problem-14

load is applied with Impact

Problem-15

Problem-16

Problem-17 (home work)

Elastic Constants
E • Young’s Modulus
G • Modulus of Rigidity
ν • Poisson’s Ratio
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Poisson’s Ratio
03/30/2024 110
Modulus of Rigidity (G)
• Hooke’s law in shear Relationship
03/30/2024 111
Problem-18

Volumetric Strain

Volumetric Strain of a Rectangular Bar
subjected to an axial load

Volumetric Strain of a Rectangular Bar
subjected to Three Forces which are Mutually
Perpendicular

Problem-19

Volumetric Strain of a Cylindrical Rod

Bulk Modulus
(K)

Relationship between Elastic Constants

Problem-20
A bar of 30 mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 60 kN. The measured
extension on gauge length of 200 mm is 0.1 mm and change in diameter is
0.004 mm. Calculate,
(i) Young's modulus,
(ii) Poisson's ratio and
(iii) Bulk modulus.

Problem-21

Problem-22

Elongation of a Bar due to its own weight

REFERENCES
Beer, Johnston and Dewolf, "Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, 7th edition, 2012.
James M Gere, “Mechanics of Materials”, Thomson Learning, Inc, 6th edition,

2004
Russell C Hibbler, “Mechanics of Materials”, Pearson, 9th edition, 2014.
Dr R K Bansal, “Strength of Materials”, Laxmi Publications, 6th edition, 2015

CO1-Concepts of Stress and Strain

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CONCEPTS STRESS AND STRAIN

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Single shear Double shear

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• Sir Robert Hooke first stated this

• Thus, stress is proportional to strain

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(b) Elastic Limit: This is the limiting value of stress up to which if

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• Total load is equal to the sum of

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• Take E for steel as 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and for concrete

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• Take E for steel = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and

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• Thermal stresses are set up in a body

• But if the body is allowed to expand or

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• But the expansion of

• Hence, stress induced in brass

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• S.E will be stored when the load is applied Gradually or Suddenly or

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