Quality

 We define quality as a characteristic or attributes of something.

Two kinds of quality are:-
Quality of design :- char. that designers specify for an item. It
encompasses requirements,specifications and design of the
system.
Quality of conformance:-
conformance the degree to which the design
specifications are followed during manufacturing. It is an issue
focused on implementation.
 Quality assurance & Quality Control
Quality Assurance Quality Control

QA is a group of activities which ensures that QC is a group of activities to detect the defects
the quality of processes which is used during in the developed software.
the development of the software always be
maintained.

The focus of QA is to prevent defects The focus of QC is to identify defects

QA is process oriented. QC is product oriented.

Verification is the example of QA Validation is the example of QC

Each and every member of the development team Only the specific testing team is responsible for QC
is responsible for QA
 Activities of SQA

1) Prepare an SQA plan for a project:- The plan is developed during

project planning and is reviewed by all interested parties. Quality
assurance activities performed by the software engineering team and
the SQA group are governed by the plan. The plan identifies
> evaluations to be performed
> audits and reviews to be performed
> standards that are applicable to the project
> procedures for error reporting and tracking
> documents to be produced by the SQA group
> amount of feedback provided to the software project team
2) Participate in the development of the project’s software
process description:-
The software team selects a process for the work to be
performed. The SQA group reviews the process description for
compliance with organizational policy, internal software
standards, externally imposed standards (e.g., ISO-9001), and
other parts of the software project plan.
3) Review software engineering activities to verify
compliance with the defined software process.
The SQA group identifies, documents, and
tracks deviations from the process and verifies
that corrections have been made.
4) Audits are designed for s/w work products to
verify compliance with those defined as a part of
process. verify that corrections have been made
and periodically reports the results of its work to
the project manager.
5) Ensure that deviations in software work and
work products are documented and handled
according to a documented procedure.
Deviations may be encountered in the project
plan, process description, applicable
standards, or technical work products.
6) Records any noncompliance and reports to
senior management. Noncompliance items are
tracked until they are resolved.
Statistical SQA
Concept reflects
of growing trend
Statistical throughout
SQA
industry to become more quantitative about
quality.
1. information about s/w defects is collected and
categorized.
2. tracking fundamental causes of defects.
(design error,violation of standard,poor
communication, inaccurate documentation)
3. use of pareto principle.(80% of defects can be
traced to 20%of all possible causes)
4. once the causes have been identified,move to
correct the problem that have caused the
defects.
 Quality Evaluation Standards

1. Six Sigma for s/w engineering.

2. ISO:9000 for software
 Six sigma for software
 Six Sigma is the most widely used strategy for
statistical quality assurance in industry today.
Originally popularized by Motorola in the 1980s,
 The Six Sigma strategy ―is a rigorous and
disciplined methodology that uses data and statistical
analysis to measure and improve a company's
operational performance by identifying and
eliminating defects in manufacturing and service-
related processes.
 The term Six Sigma is derived from six standard
deviations instances (defects) per million
occurrences implying an extremely high quality
standard
 DMAIC and DMDAV
Six sigma methodology defines three core steps:-
These core and additional steps are sometimes
referred to as the DMAIC (define, measure, analyze,
improve, and control) method.
 Define customer requirements and deliverables and
project goals via well-defined methods of customer
communication.
 Measure the existing process and its output to
determine current quality performance (collect defect
metrics).
 Analyze defect metrics and determine the vital few
causes.
If an existing s/w process is in place,but improvement
is required,six sigma suggest two additional steps:-
 Improve the process by eliminating the root causes
of defects.
 Control the process to ensure that future work does
not reintroduce the causes of defects.
If an organization is developing a software process
(rather than improving an existing process), the
steps are as follows:-
Design the process to avoid the root causes of defects
and to meet customer requirement.
Verify that the process model will avoid defects and
meet customer requirement.
The variation is sometimes called as DMDAV
(define,measure,analyze,design and verify method.)
 ISO 9000 for software
 International set of standards for quality
management
 Quality standards and procedures must be
documented in an organizational quality
manual
 An external body is often used to certify that
the quality manual conforms to ISO 9000
standards
 ISO principles/standards with
benifits.
1. customer focus
2. Leadership
3. Involvment of People.
4. Process approach
5. System appraoch
6. Continual improvment.
7. Factual appraoch to decision making
8. Mutually beneficial supplier relationships.
 CMMI
 Definition- Capability Maturity Model Integration
(CMMI) is a process improvement approach that
helps organizations improves their performance.
 CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a
proven industry framework to improve product quality
and development efficiency for both hardware and
software
Objectives of CMMI:
Specific Objectives
> Establish Estimates
> Develop a Project Plan
> Obtain Commitment to the Plan
Generic Objectives:
> Achieve Specific Goals
> Institutionalize a Managed Process
>Institutionalize a Defined Process
> Institutionalize a Quantitatively Managed
Process
>Institutionalize an Optimizing Process

CMMI maturity levels:

Level 1: Initial. The software process is characterized as
ad hoc and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes
are defined, and success depends on individual effort.

Level 2: Repeatable. Basic project management
processes are established to track cost, schedule, and
functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place
to repeat earlier successes on projects with similar
applications.

Level 3: Defined. The software process for both
management and engineering activities is documented,
standardized, and integrated into an organization wide
software process. All projects use a documented and
approved version of the organization's process for
developing and supporting software. This level includes
all characteristics defined for level2
 Level 4: Managed. Detailed measures of the
software process and product quality are
collected. Both the software process and
products are quantitatively understood and
controlled using detailed measures. This level
includes all characteristics defined for level3
 Level 5: Optimizing. Continuous process
improvement is enabled by quantitative
feedback from the process and from testing
innovative ideas and technologies. This level
includes all characteristics defined for level 4.
CMMI Vs ISO
 McCall’s Quality factors
The factors that affect S/W quality can be categorized in
two broad groups:
1. Factors that can be directly measured (defects
uncovered during testing)
2. Factors that can be measured only indirectly
(Usability and maintainability)
The S/W quality factors shown above focus on three
important aspects of a S/W product:
i. Its operational characteristics
ii. Its ability to undergo change
iii. Its adaptability to new environments
The various factors of quality are:
(a) Correctness: The extent to which a program satisfies
its specs and fulfills the customer‘s mission
objectives.
(b) Reliability: The extent to which a program can be
expected to perform its intended function with
required precision.
(c) Efficiency: The amount of computing resources and
code required to perform is function.
(d) Integrity: The extent to which access to S/W or data
by unauthorized persons can be controlled.
(e) Usability: The effort required to learn, operate,
prepare input for, and interpret output of a program.
(f) Maintainability: The effort required to locate and fix
errors in a program.
(g) Flexibility: The effort required to modify an
operational program.
(h) Testability: The effort required to test a program to
ensure that it performs its intended function.
(i) Portability: The effort required to transfer the program
from one hardware and/or software system
environment to another.
(j) Re usability: The extent to which a program can be
reused in other applications- related to the packaging
and scope f the functions that the program performs.
(k) Interoperability: The effort required to couple one
system to another.

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