Analog Electronics

Lecture 19 : Active Filters contd…

Mon 26 Feb 2024

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus
 In case of LPF from the given specifications of p, ωs, Amax (dB), Amin (dB) the ϵ
and N (order of the filter) can be determined.
 Standard prototype for filter design is Butterworth.

 In case of LPF from the given specifications of p, ωs, Amax (dB), Amin (dB) the ϵ
and N (order of the filter) can be determined.
For a Butterworth filter the poles will lie on a circle of radius = and are separated from each
other by an angle of π/N and the first and last pole are separated from the imaginary axis by an
angle of π/2N.

 To achieve a low-pass Butterworth response, we need to create a transfer function whose poles
are arranged as follows:
• Poles have equal angular spacing and lie along a semicircular
path in the left half-plane.
• Distance between the origin and each pole is the same, and this
in turn means that all poles have the same frequency ω0.
• Angle that separates the poles is equal to 180°/N, where N is the
order of the filter. In the example above, N = 4, and the separation
angle is 180°/4 = 45°.
• First and last pole are separated from the imaginary axis by an
angle of π/2N.
• Equal angular spacing of the Butterworth poles indicates that
even-order filters will have only complex-conjugate poles. Odd-
order filters have complex-conjugate poles plus one purely real
pole that lies along the negative real axis at a distance of ω 0 from
the origin.
• All poles have the same ω0, but the horizontal distance from the
origin varies. Thus, the poles have different Q factors.
All pole filter: T(s) =
 Butterworth filter polynomials
The polynomials (denominator of the transfer function) are obtained after normalization.
The normalized Butterworth polynomial equations have the general form:

N polynomial

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Butterworth filter polynomials - roots

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 Filter realization
 First and second order filters are the simplest to design.
 For higher order filters first and second order filters are connected in cascade.
 Filters are realized using active RC circuits.

First order LOW PASS FILTER

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First order LOW PASS FILTER

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First order LOW PASS FILTER

Normalized transfer
function
T(jω) = K/(sn+1)
where sn = jω/ωo
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First order LOW PASS FILTER

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First order HIGH PASS FILTER

T(s) = Ks/ωo / [1+ (s/ωo)]

T(s) = Ks / [s + ωo]

Normalized transfer function

T(jω) = Ksn /(sn+1)
ωo= 1/ RC where sn = jω/ωo
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First order BAND PASS FILTER

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First order BAND PASS FILTER

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First order BAND PASS FILTER

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First order BAND PASS FILTER

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 ALL PASS FILTER
Passes all frequency components of an input signal without attenuation (hence
ALL PASS) but provides phase shift depending on frequency of the input signal
(PHASE SHIFTER).
Phase shift is equivalent to time delay hence time delay circuit.

For an incremental shift in signal frequency a predictable change in time delay

results as the signal passes through the filter.
When signals are transmitted over transmission lines (telephone wires) signals
undergo change in phase, these phase changes will be compensated by all pass
filters.
Hence called as Delay equalizers or Phase correctors.
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ALL PASS FILTER

Vp

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ALL PASS FILTER

 It has a zero at 1/RC and a pole

at -1/RC
 Circuit introduces a variable
phase shift (lag) from 0 to -180°
with a value of - 90° at ω = ωo.
 Op amp with large bandwidth is
preferred.

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ALL PASS FILTER

Interchange R and C in the circuit shown to get a phase lead circuit

Phase response of that circuit will be 180° - 2 tan_1 (ω/ωo)

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