VERBAL

A verbal is a word derived from a verb that functions in a sentence

S:adjective, and adverb; rather than as a verb.
as a noun,

Includes three types:

> Gerunds (also known as -ing forms)
> Infinitives (also known as "to" + base form of the verb)
> Participles (also known as -ing forms and -en forms)
GERUND
are verb forms ending in –ing (v + ing) and are used as nouns,
: as:
specifically
*Subject
*Direct Object
*Subject Complement
*Object of the Preposition
*Appositive
 GERUND AS A
SUBJECT:
-what/whom the sentence talks about
-what/who does the action in the sentence

Ex: Riding motorcycle makes me nervous.

(S)
 GERUND AS A DIRECT
OBJECT:
-whom/what? (after the action) or the verb in the
sentence.

Ex: Janna enjoys cooking.

(v) (do)
GERUND AS A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:
-renames the subject of the sentence
-it follows a linking verb
(is/are/was/were/am)

Ex: Dad’s favorite sport is fishing.

(lv) (sc)
 GERUND AS AN OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION:
-a noun functions as an object of the preposition if it
follows after a preposition
- (in, on, at, to, with, for, behind, above, under)

Ex: Irish is good at singing songs.

(p) (op)
 GERUND AS AN
-when a noun functions as appositive, it follows right after a
APPOSITIVE:
noun, gives more information about it or defines it.
-enclosed or comes between two commas

Ex: My only exercise, walking, makes me feel better.

(n) (n)
(appostive)
INFINITIVE
Is a verbal formed by placing ‘to’ in front of the base form of a
verb. S:
Ex: to run , to bake, to eat, to love, to enjoy

may function as:

*Noun
*Adverb
*Adjective
 INFINITIVES AS A
NOUNS:
Can be used as the:
*Subject
*Direct Object
*Subject Complement
*Object of the Preposition
*Appositive
 INFINITIVES AS A
-The infinitive phrase acts as the main subject of the
SUBJECT:
sentence, performing the action or being described by
the verb.

Ex: To apologize takes courage and humility.

(S)
INFINITIVES AS A DIRECT OBJECT:
- The infinitive phrase receives the action of the verb
directly, answering the question "what" or "whom"
after the verb.

Ex: Alex likes to collect books about gardening.

(V) (DO)
INFINITIVES AS A SUBJECT COMPLEMENT:
The infinitive phrase follows a linking verb and describes
or renames the subject.

Ex: Her only thought was to win.

(LV) (SC)
 INFINITIVES AS AN OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION:
The infinitive phrase follows a preposition and
completes its meaning.

Ex: He has no choice except to pass the exam.

(p) (op)
INFINITIVES AS AN APPOSITIVE:
The infinitive phrase renames or explains the noun or
pronoun next to it.

Ex: His goal, to travel around the world, was never achieved.
(n) (n)
INFINITIVES AS ADJECTIVES:
- modify nouns or pronouns to provide additional
information about them.
- typically come after the noun or pronoun they modify.

Ex: Here are memories to ponder.

(N) (Adj.)
 INFINITIVES AS
-used as adverbs modify/describe verbs, adjectives and
ADVERBS:
other adverbs.
-answers the question, “Why was the action done?”

Ex: Misha hid to cry

(V) (Adv.)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUNDS AND PRESENT
PARTICIPLES:
Gerunds: Gerunds are verb forms ending in "-ing" that
function as nouns in sentences.

Present Participles: Present participles are verb forms ending

in "-ing" that function as adjectives or form continuous verb
tenses.
EXAMPL
E: I love swimming in the pool.

The running dog chased the ball..

PARTICIPLES:
- is a type of verb that acts like an adjective, describing a noun.
- There are two (2) kinds of participles: the present participle (-
ing ) and the past participle ( -d or –ed).
- appears before the noun it describe.
a. The present participle is formed by adding” –ing”
to the present tense of the verb.

Examples:
motivate - motivating

My family is my motivating factor to work hard.

b. The past participles of regular verbs are formed by
adding -d or –ed to the present tense of the verbs.

Examples:
mark – marked

Only those marked items are for sale.

c. The past participles of some irregular verbs are the
same as their present tense and past tense forms.

Examples:
read – read - read
cut – cut - cut

My friend is still grateful to know that he

was able to make it even to the cut score.