CHAPTER THREE

MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCE

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 Contents
• Introduction
• Management of water supply
• Management of energy
• Waste Management

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 Introduction
•There is an urgent need to think deeply about the destruction
of natural resources.
•With the exponential increase in human population and
increased technological advancement, the natural resources
get relentlessly exploited.
•There is a need for optimization of its usage. This is possible
only when we adopt the concepts of management and
conservation of natural resources.
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 Management of Water Supply

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 Management of Water Supply, Cont’d…

• Water resource systems have benefited both people

and their economies for many centuries.
• The services provided by such systems are
multiple.
• Yet in many regions of the world they are not able
to meet even basic drinking water and sanitation
needs.
• Nor can many of these water resource systems
support and maintain resilient biodiverse
ecosystems.
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What are the causes for not meeting basic water
needs?

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 Management of Water Supply, Cont…nd

Typical causes include:

• inappropriate, inadequate and/or degraded
infrastructure,
• excessive withdrawals of river flows,
• pollution from industrial and agricultural activities,
• Eutrophication (depletion of oxygen in water)
resulting from nutrient loadings, salinization from
irrigation return flows, infestations of exotic plant
and animals, excessive fish harvesting, flood plain
and habitat alteration from development activities,
and changes in water and sediment flow regimes.
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 Uses of Water
Water resources are sources that are useful or
potentially useful to humans. This definition is tied to
the usefulness of water to mankind.
Fresh water is found in many forms mainly as; surface
water (springs, rivers, lakes, artificial reservoirs,
wetland (iceberg).
Water uses include:
 Domestic water supply,
 Irrigated agriculture,
 Industrial,
 Hydropower generation
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 Reflection Question
• What additional benefits can we obtain from
water in addition to what has been specified
in the preceding slide? Can you mention a
few please?
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 Characteristics of Water
Three characteristics that make water special:
• Fresh water is vital to sustain life, for which
there is no substitute. This means that water
has a (high) value to its users.
• Although water is a renewable resource, it is
practically speaking finite. Many uses of water
are therefore subtractible, meaning that the use
by somebody may preclude/prevent the use by
somebody else.

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 Characteristics of Water, … Cont’d
 Water is a fugitive resource. It is therefore
difficult to assess the variations in stock and flow
of the resource, and to define the boundaries of the
resource.
 This complicates the planning and monitoring of
withdrawals as well as the exclusion of those not
entitled to abstract water.
 Its fugitive nature makes it also more costly to
harness, requiring the construction of reservoirs,
for example.
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 Characteristics of Water, …Cont’d
• The vital nature of water gives it characteristics of a
public good. Its finite nature confers to it properties of a
private good, as it can be privately appropriated and
enjoyed.
• The fugitive nature of water, and the resulting high costs
of exclusion, confers to it properties of a common pool
resource.
• Water resources management aims to reconcile these
various attributes of water. This is obviously not a
simple task. The property regime and management
arrangements of a water resources system are therefore
often complex.
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 The uses and value of water
 Rainfed agriculture  Waste and wastewater
 Irrigation disposal
 Domestic use in urban  Cooling (e.g. for thermal
centers and in rural areas power generation)
 Livestock  Hydropower
 Industrial and commercial  Navigation
use  Recreation
 Institutions (e.g. schools,  Fisheries
hospitals, government  The environment
buildings, sports facilities (wildlife, nature
etc.) conservation etc.)
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 Water Resources Management
• There is growing awareness that comprehensive water
resources management is needed, because:
Fresh water resources are limited;
Those limited fresh water resources are becoming more
and more polluted, rendering them unfit for human
consumption and also unfit to sustain the ecosystem;
Those limited fresh water resources have to be divided
amongst the competing needs and demands in a society
Many citizens do not as yet have access to sufficient
and safe fresh water resources

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 Water resources management,… Cont’d
It is increasingly realized that there is a huge potential
to increase crop production and achieve food security
through more efficient use of rainfall through improved
soil and water conservation and harvesting techniques
Structures to control water (such as dams and dikes)
may often have undesirable consequences on the
environment
There is an intimate relationship between groundwater
and surface water, between coastal water and fresh
water, etc. Regulating one system and not the others
may not achieve the desired results.
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 Water resources management, … Cont’d
• Policy principles
• For a country to change its water management towards
a more holistic and integrated management system, it
will require to review its water policy. This is currently
on-going in many countries world-wide.
• A water policy often starts with the definition of a small
number of basic principles and objectives, such as the
need for sustainable development and desirable socio-
economic development.
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 Water resources management, …Cont’d
•Three key policy principles are known as the three 'E's
as defined by Postel (1992):
a) Equity :
•Water is a basic need.
•No human being can live without a basic volume of fresh
water of sufficient quality.
•Humans have a basic human right of access to water
resources (see Gleick, 1999).
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 Water resources management,… Cont’d
b) Ecological integrity :
Water resources can only persist in a natural
environment capable of regenerating (fresh) water of
sufficient quality.
Only sustainable water use can be allowed such that
future generations will be able to use it in similar
ways as the present generation.
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 Water resources management,… Cont’d
c) Efficiency :
Water is a scarce resource. It should be used
efficiently; therefore, institutional arrangements
should be such that cost recovery of the water
services should be attained.

This will ensure sustainability of infrastructure and

institutions, but should not jeopardise the equity
principle. Here comes in the issue of water pricing,
and whether or not water should be priced according
to its economic value.
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Why water resource management is
needed?
Too Little water
Too much water
Too polluted
Too expensive
Eco system too degraded

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 Planning and Management approaches

There are two general approaches to planning

and management.

1) The top-down, often called command and

control.
2) The bottom-up, often called the grassroots
approach.
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Planning and Management approaches,… Cont’d
1) Top-Down Planning and Management
• Professionals have dominated the top-down approach.
• Using this approach there is typically little if any
active participation of interested stakeholders.
• The approach assumes that one or more institutions
have the ability and authority to develop and
implement the plan.
• Top-down approaches are becoming less desirable or
acceptable.
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Planning and Management approaches,… Cont’d
2). Bottom-Up Planning and Management
• Experiences trying to implement plans developed
primarily by professionals without significant citizen
involvement have shown that even if such plans are
technically sound they have little chance of success if
they do not take into consideration the concerns and
objectives of affected stakeholders.
• To gain their support, concerned stakeholders must be
included in the decision-making process as early as
possible.
• They must become part of the decision-making process,
not merely spectators, or even advisors, to it.
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 Sustainability

• Sustainable water resource systems are those

designed and managed to best serve people living in
the future as well as those of us living today.
• The actions that we as a society take now to satisfy
our own needs and desires should not only depend
on what those actions will do for us but also on how
they will affect our descendants.
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 Management of Energy

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 Management of Energy
•Introduction
•With the growth of population and industrialization,
the global energy demand is increasing at an
unprecedented rate.
•Energy is a fundamental prerequisite for
development.
•It is deeply connected with the economic, social,
environmental dimensions of human development.
•Energy is required for not only sustainable
livelihood, but also for having a respectable quality
of life.
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 Management of Energy
• Introduction…

•Although the development of renewable energy technologies

is growing rapidly nowadays, the largest portion of the energy
market is dominated by fossil fuels:- which is strictly related
to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and climate
change.
•Africa, as one of the fastest growing continents in the world:-
faces a massive challenge related to energy issues in the
coming years.
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 Management of Energy …Cont’d
• By 2030, more than 600 million people in sub-
Saharan Africa: will live without access to reliable
electricity, and the rest largely depend on traditional
energy sources.
• Quality of energy influences environmental
development
• Access to sustainable sources of energy produces
considerable impact on the social development of the
nation particularly education and health care.
• Having access to modern energy sources is essential
for economic development and livelihood
improvement.
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 Management of Energy …Cont’d
• Ethiopia unveiled homegrown economic reform agenda
aimed to achieve a lower-middle status by 2030 and
sustain its economic growth to achieve medium-middle
and higher-middle status by 2040 and 2050
respectively.
• The country is endowed with abundant renewable energy
resources, which can meet the ambitions of nationwide
electrification.
• However, in spite of all its available potentials the country
energy sector is still in its infancy stage.
• For sustaining economic growth in the future: the
country will require dramatic expansion of energy supply.
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 Management of Energy …Cont’d
• In Ethiopia: access to modern energy supplies is one of the
lowest in the World.
• Ethiopia has an abundant source of solar irradiations in the
highlands, wind energy in flat areas, and several rivers in
forested areas. However, these ample energy sources are largely
unexploited.
• Traditional fuels (charcoal, fuel wood, dung cakes and
agricultural residues) reached about 87%of the total energy
sources as of 2017.
• There are large variations on the current energy systems in
rural and urban areas:- Due to the limited access to national
electricity, people in the rural areas use fuel wood and tree
residues as a predominant source of lighting and cooking;
whereas
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 Ethiopia's Energy Potential
• Ethiopia is endowed with various potential sources of
renewable energy.
• The estimated potential for hydropower is 45 GW(45,000
MW ), the potential for wind is 10 GW (10,000 MW),
the potential for geothermal is 5 GW (5000 MW) and the
potential for solar irradiation ranges from 4.5 kWh/m2
/day to 7.5 kWh/m2 /day (Mondal et al., 2017).
• The reserve of fossil fuels is also significant. For
example, the natural gas reserve is about 4 trillion cubic
feet and the reserve of coal is over 300 million tons.
• Thus, there are many alternative energy sources to meet
Ethiopia’s
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electricity access goals. 31
 National Energy Policy Framework in Ethiopia

• Ethiopia has a proactive program to reduce CO2

emissions and affirming the development of
renewable energy.
• Since Ethiopia’s energy consumption is mainly
based on traditional energy sources, the government
has involved a remarkable initiative under different
policies related to energy production, deployment,
and electrification for the last two decades.
• Major emphasis was dedicated to hydropower, solar
and wind energy resources.
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 National Energy Policy Framework in Ethiopia…Cont’d

• The overall goal of the national policies and

strategies of the energy sector in Ethiopia:
 to improve and promote national efforts focusing on
efficiency, equitable and optimum dissemination
and utilization of the available energy resources,
 ensuring a reliable supply of energy,
 encouraging a remarkable shift from the traditional
energy source to a modern energy source,
 give priority to the development and dissemination
of indigenous energy resources for substantial
socio-economic development and to foster its
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economic growth.
National Energy Policy Framework in Ethiopia…Cont’d
• Development of alternative energy from renewable
sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass as
well as energy efficiency measures will be a key part of
Ethiopia’s energy mix and integrated with the country’s
new Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE)
Strategy, which has the ambitious objective of a
transforming Ethiopia into climate resilient green
economy by 2025.
• In the ten years perspective developmental current
national plan also called “Ethiopia 2030: The
Pathway to Prosperity (2021–2030), the energy
sector is included as one of the strategic areas to
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build climate resilient green economy by 2030.
National Energy Policy Framework in Ethiopia…Cont’d

• The focus areas of energy in the current national 10

years perspective developmental plan include:
 equity in access to electricity services,
 energy access and quality,
 alternative sources of energy,
 reliability of electricity infrastructure, investment,
and
 income in the energy sub sector.

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 Management of Energy, Cont’d
• Introduction …
• Sustainable access to modern sources of energy is
fundamental to fulfilling basic social needs,
achieving higher economic growth and fuelling
human development.
• UNIDO’s UN Energy considers that the
development of a sustainable, long-term solution
to meeting the world’s energy is a defining issue
of our time.

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 Meaning, Characteristics and Importance

• Energy is at the center stage of the critical economic,

social, environment and human development issues
and challenges facing the world today.
• The most common definition of ‘Energy’ is the
ability to do work. Energy is an enabling element and
is the capacity of a physical system to perform work.
• Energy is found in different forms such as heat,
kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy,
electrical, or other forms.
• Therefore, energy is a potential power, without which
nothing can survive on Earth.
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 Meaning, Characteristics and Importance,… Cont’d

• The sustainable source of energy should have

the following characteristics:
It should be less costly and affordable and
available in large amount.
It should be less pollutant
It should be easily accessible.
It should be easy to store and transport.
It should be safe to use and non hazardous
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 Meaning, Characteristics and Importance,… Cont’d

• Energy is the heart of all type of development

and is one of the important elements for quality
of life.
• Clean, sustainable, efficient, affordable and
reliable energy services are critical and
indispensable for the local and global prosperity.
• It is customarily seen that the “energy poor”
suffer from poverty, illiteracy and ill-health.

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 Meaning, Characteristics and Importance,… Cont’d

• The people in general and women in particular are

disproportionately affected by energy deficiency
and quality.
• The UNDP and WHO in 2009 estimated that over
three billion people lack access to modern fuels for
cooking and heating.

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 Types of Energy

• Broadly, there are two different types of

energy such as

1). Conventional energy and

2). Non conventional energy.

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 Types of Energy, …Cont’d
i) Conventional Energy
• The various sources of conventional energy are fossil
fuels, thermal energy and hydroelectric energy.
• Fossil fuels are the most commonly used fuels those
are wood, crop residue and cow dung cake; coal,
petroleum and natural gas.
• These fossil fuels are non renewable sources of
energy. If we do not use them judiciously they will
exhaust and might create energy crisis in future.

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 Types of Energy, …Cont’d
• Therefore, conservation of these conventional sources of
energy is essential. Some of the features of conventional
sources of energy are:
 These are the most traditional sources of energy and are
being used for long time.
 These are very expensive and exhaustible.
 They cause pollution and emit smoke and ash.
 They are very expensive and the prices of these energies are
increasing day by day.
 Their maintenance such as transport and storing are very
costly.
 These are non-renewable sources of energy
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 Types of Energy, …Cont’d
ii) Non-conventional sources energy
• Non conventional sources of energy include wind,
tides, solar geo-thermal
• heat, and biomass including farm and animal waste,
as well as human excreta.
• All of these sources are renewable or inexhaustible.
• They are inexpensive in nature.
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 Types of Energy,… Cont’d
Some of the characteristics of non-conventional
sources of energy are:
i) These are recent as compared to the conventional
sources of energy.
ii) These are largely renewable sources of energy.
iii) These energies are pollution free.
iv) These energies are less costly as compared to
the non-renewable sources of energy.
v) These are non-exhaustible.
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 Energy and Development
• Energy and development are inter-linked.

• Availability of cheap and reliable energy boosts

economic growth rate and development.
• It is remarked that the increasing availability of
cheaper and higher quality forms of energy inputs
has played a key role in driving economic growth in
industrialized and emerging economies.
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 Energy and Development,… Cont’d
• The link between energy and development :
1. Energy is one of the primary requirements for the
economic growth.
2. Energy is required for quality of life and also for the
eradication of poverty.
3. Energy is required for the social development.
4. Energy is linked to faster modernization.
5. Energy is required for the economic and social
empowerment of women.
6. Energy is an essential need of sustainable
development.
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 Energy and Development,… Cont’d
• Some of the link between energy and economic
growth are discussed below:
1). Energy is one of the primary requirements for
the economic growth.
• Economic growth requires rise in productivity
which can be brought about in the modernization of
the agriculture, industry and service sector.
• The functioning of the tractors and lift irrigation in
agriculture requires low cost and affordable energy.
• Similarly the foundation of industrial development
depends on energy.
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 Energy and Development, …Cont’d
2. Energy is required for quality of life and also
for the eradication of poverty.

It is said that a well-performing energy system that

improves efficient access to modern forms of energy
would strengthen the opportunities for the poorest
few billion people on the planet to escape the worst
impacts of poverty.
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 Energy and Development,… Cont’d
3). Energy is required for the social
development.
•The key variables of social development are
education and health.
•Many children in the rural areas of the
developing countries are deprived of education
because of lack of electricity in their houses.
•Moreover, functioning of health care centers
and hospitals requires electricity.
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 Energy and Development, Cont’d
4). Energy is linked to faster modernization.
The possession of modern gadgets such as
refrigerators, air conditioners, television, etc. requires
energy and those gadgets which educate people on
social change.

All the developed countries of Europe, America and

Asia, those who have achieved modernization since
long back had done elaborate arrangement of
ensuring energy to facilitate modernization.
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 Energy and Development, Cont’d
5). Energy is required for the economic and social
empowerment of women.
• In rural areas particular women spend a lot of time
in the collection of firewood and cow dungs to be
used for the cooking purpose.
• Availability of energy will enhance private sector
investment in industry and service sector. Further,
it will also attract foreign direct investment to the
developing countries.

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 Energy and Development, Cont’d
6). Energy is an essential need of sustainable
development.
• Safe and clean energy which is non-pollutant is a
pre-requisite of sustainable development.
• The variables of sustainable development such as
education, health care, women empowerment, etc.
are influenced by energy.
• Thus for sustainable development nation-states
need to have sustainable energy sources.
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 Energy and Development, Cont’d
7).Availability of affordable and cheap energy
would be helpful to control inflation of food and
vegetables in the developing countries.
• Most of the inflation pressure and rising prices of
vegetables are seen due to rise in prices of crude
oil used in the tractors in the cultivation.
• Food inflation can be successfully controlled in
the developing countries with the help of energy
supply.

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 Waste Management

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 Waste Management
Introduction
• Waste management refers to the activities and
actions that handle waste materials.
• It includes collection, transportation, processing, and
disposal of waste.
• Waste prevention, recycling, reuse, and recovery are
important waste management strategies that eases the
burden on landfills, conserves natural resources, and
saves energy.
• This helps utilize resources more effectively and
sustainably.
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 Waste Management,… Cont’d
Introduction …
• The world is besieged with growing pressure of waste
management.
• The amount of waste has been increasing along with
expanding population and rising human activities.
• The World Bank estimated that there were
approximately 1.3 billion tons of municipal solid waste
generated globally in 2012 and the volume is expected
to reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025 (Hoornweg and
Bhada-Tata 2012).
• Waste levies a heavy tax on the environment and
human health
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 Waste Management,… Cont’d
• Broadly waste can divided into two:
Solid waste and
Liquid waste

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 Waste Management,… Cont’d
Classification of solid waste
• Solid waste can be classified into two
categories by its characteristics. These are:
Organic solid waste
Inorganic Solid waste
• Organic solid waste: Wastes that are
generally biodegradable and decompose in
the process of which emits offensive and
irritating smell when left unattended.
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 Solid Waste
Classification of solid waste……..
• Inorganic solid waste: Solid matter that does not
decompose at any rate.
• This category of waste matter may be
combustible depending on the type of the nature
of the material they constitute.

⇒ Non-putrescible wastes e.g. Rubbish

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 Solid Waste,… Cont’d
• Main sources of solid waste generation
Residential (domestic or house hold)
Commercial
Institutional
Construction Demolition
Treatment plant sites
Industrial
Agricultural
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 Solid Waste,… Cont’d
• Solid waste collection
• Collection is provided under various management
pattern/arrangements :
 Municipal/Rural Communities Organization-
using simple and locally available technology
such as Donkey Drawn Cart.
 Private services such as contractors
 Scavenger system : Individuals may collect and
use wastes like paper, metal, containers, clothes
etc for reuse or recycling.
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 Solid Waste,… Cont’d
• Common solid waste disposal methods
• In rural communities the following common
useful simple and practical methods of solid
waste intermediate treatments/reuse and
disposal methods include:
Composting
Controlled Tipping/Burying
Ploughing in the Fields
Incineration
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 Liquid Waste Management

• Introduction

• Liquid waste management: A systematic

administration of activities that provide for
the proper handling, treatment and disposal
of liquid waste/wastewater or sewage.

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 Liquid Waste Management,… Cont’d
• In Ethiopia, to day, all wastes even in large
international cities like Addis Ababa are drained to
the side of roads to ultimately join small streams
or rivers to flow down stream causing water
pollution.
• All the wastes drained in water ways depends on
the winter rains for cleaning.
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 Liquid Waste Management, Cont’d
• Although very high wastewater pollution may not be
expected in the rural Ethiopia, there are some
household sewage (liquid dung, domestic
wastewater, etc.) generated from kitchens, toilets,
barns, and other domestic areas.
• If household, industrial, or commercial wastes are not
properly disposed, then the disease problems caused
by pollution will still remain to be persistent in the
environment.

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 Liquid Waste Management, …Cont’nd
• Classifications of liquid waste/sewage
• Waste water or sewage that are generated from a
home or community including toilet, bath,
laundry, lavatory, and kitchen- sink wastes, and
surface run off may be classified into four. These
are:
 Sanitary sewage
 Industrial sewage
 Storm sewage or
 Mixed sewage (a mixture of all)
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 Thank You

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