Aksum University

School of Water Technology

Dep’t of Water Resource Irrigation Eng’g
Course name: Water Resource Planning and
Management

A.Y 2023/2024
Course Outline
1. INTRODUCTION 4.3 Systems Techniques in Water Resources
1.1 Purpose of Water Resources Planning & Management 4.3.1 Optimization using calculus
1.2 General definition in Water Resources Planning 4.3.2 Linear programming (Graphical method, Simplex
1.3 Generalized Processes of WRPD method, Big-M-method)
1.4 Tasks for WRD Project 4.4 Dynamic Programming
2. UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE'S 4.5 Water resources project formulation and economic
2.1 Water resources for Consumptive and non- analysis
consumptive uses 4.6 Water resources models
2.2 Single- and Multi- Purpose use of water resources
2.3 Compatibility of Different Uses of Water 5. WATER LAWS
2.4 Water Supply and Demand Assessment 5.1 Water sharing rights
3. PLANNING WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS 5.2 Concept of IRBM and Basin Master Plan
3.1 Stages in Planning a Water Resources Project 5.3 Concept of EIA
3.2 Water Resources Project Formulation and Evaluation 5.4 Legal, administrative and institutional aspects of
3.3.1 Introduction-Future projections water resource planning in
3.3.2 Project Formulation Ethiopia
3.3.3 Project Evaluation 6. WATER RESOURCE BASINS OF ETHIOPIA
3.3.4 Common Pitfalls in Water resources planning 6.1 Introduction
4. CONCEPTS OF WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM 6.2 Surface water resources potential of Ethiopia
ANALYSIS 6.3 Basins potential for future water resource
4.1 Definition and Types of Systems development
4.2 System Approach and System analysis
4.2.1 Systems approach
4.2.2 Systems analysis
INTRODUCTION
Increasing demand for water, higher standards of
living, depletion of resources of acceptable quality, and
excessive water pollution due to agricultural and
industrial expansions have caused intense social and
political predicaments.
Although progress has improved the quality of life, it
has caused significant environmental destruction in
such a magnitude that could not be predicted.
in the next decades development could be done in a
way that is economically and ecologically sustainable.
INTRODUCTION
We cannot answer this question unless we have a
vision of the future and our planning schemes are
environmentally responsible and sensitive toward the
major elements of our physical environment, namely
air, water, and soil. Among these elements, water is of
special importance.
Excessive use and misuse of surface and groundwater
and pollution of these vital resources by residential,
agricultural, and industrial wastewater has threatened
our well-being
INTRODUCTION
Planning for sustainable development of water
resources means:
 water conservation,
 waste and leakage prevention,
 improved efficiency of water systems,
 improved water quality,
 water withdrawal and usage within the limits of the
system,
 a level of water pollution within the carrying capacity
of
 the streams, and water discharge from groundwater
within the safe yield of the system.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Water Resources Planning &
Management
Water resources planning and management

techniques are also used to determine what measures

should be employed to meet water needs, take
advantage of opportunities for water resources
development, and preserve and enhance natural
water resources and related land resources.
With the increasing population and economic levels

the need for water has continued to grow.

 INTRODUCTION
Water resources are developed or managed for the following
purposes and functions:
Irrigation development,
Domestic and municipal Water supply,
Hydroelectric power generation,
Flood control and Flood loss management,
Low flow augmentation,
Navigation purpose,
Recreation purpose,
Commercial fishing and aquatic farming,
INTRODUCTION
Drainage purpose,
Sedimentation control, erosion control and other
measures for management of watersheds,
Thermal-power plant cooling and industrial Water
supply,
Water quality management, including waste water
treatment and disposal and other multipurpose uses.
INTRODUCTION
Planning, development and management of water
resources may also be used to further the general
welfare including:
Regional economic development,
Income distribution,
Health and safety,
Educational and cultural opportunities,
Emergency preparedness,
Other measures to improve the “quality of life”.
INTRODUCTION
1.2 General definition of Water Resources Planning

 Water Resources Planning: Planning of the development, conservation and

allocation of a scarce resources, matching water availability and demand,
taking into account the full set of national objectives and constraints and the
interest of stakeholders.

 Water resources planning and development is concerned with modifying the

time and space availability of water for various purposes so as to accomplish
certain basic national, regional and local objectives.

 Water Resources Management: The whole set of technical, institutional,

managerial, legal and operational activities required to plan, develop, operate
and manage water resources for sustainable use.

 Water Resources Planning & Management can be considered as a process

including all activities of planning, design, construction and operation of
water resources systems.
 INTRODUCTION
Water Resources Development:
In countries with limited water resources, comprehensive
and rational water resources development is a necessary
condition for optimum social and economic growth.
There are various ways of classifying water resources
projects; in the classification based on physical nature,
the broad project categories are:
1. Surface storages: reservoirs, natural lakes with artificial
control of outflows.
2. Channelization: irrigation canals, navigation canals,
drainage works, dykes for flood protection, and erosion
control measures.
3. Diversion of water: inter-basin water transfer projects.
INTRODUCTION
4. Waste treatment and assimilation.
5. Ground water extraction and artificial recharge.
6. Catchment treatment for control of water yield and peaks.
INTRODUCTION
The Objective of water resources planning and
management is to provide the supplies of water in
accordance with the temporal and spatial distribution
of demands through river regulation and distribution
systems.
Goals of water resources planning and management
may be advanced by the use of constructed facilities
(structural measures) and non-structural
measures and may include rules to limit or control
water or manage and land use (e.g. flood warning
systems, restrictive zoning on flood plains).
INTRODUCTION
Term purpose, objective and goal have similar
meanings in ordinary usage but they are different in
water resources planning.
purpose has referred to a category of water needs and
problems (e.g., municipal and industrial water supply,
flood control), while objective/goal implies a broader
value.
goal as a general societal aim such as the
“improvement of the quality of life” and to express
an objective in more specific (monetary or other)
terms such as “maximization of net benefit.”
INTRODUCTION
The methodologies of water resources planning may
be categorized:
Principles provide the broad policy framework for
planning activities and include the conceptual basis
for planning.
Standards provide for uniformity and consistency in
comparing, measuring and judging beneficial and
adverse effects of alternative plans.
INTRODUCTION
Procedures provide more detailed methods for
carrying out the various levels of planning
activities, including the measurement of beneficial
and adverse effects, and the comparison of alternative
plans for action.
term guidelines may be applied when the standards
and procedures are not fully binding on the planner.
INTRODUCTION
1.3 Process of Water Resources Planning &
Management:
 Establishment of goals and objectives
 Problem identification and analysis­­
 Solution identification and impact assessment
 Formulation of alternatives and analysis
 Recommendations
 Decisions
 Implementation
 Operation and management
INTRODUCTION
1.4 Availability of Water
water demand and its supply are specific to time and
place.
beginning of the last century was about 600km3/year,
This rate witnessed a sharp increase and the global
water use by the year 2000 is likely to be about 5300
km3/year.
As the population of the world is rising, the demand
for water will also continue to increase in the 21 st
century.
INTRODUCTION
Gleick (1997), has estimated sector-wise water requirements for
the year 2025.
the total domestic water needs would be approximately 340
km3/year.
agricultural sector, all regions are assumed to attain a
minimum consumption of 2,500 calories per person per day.
Taking into account the increase in population, the
agricultural water consumption would be about 2,930
km3/year.
industrial water withdrawals, 1,000 km3/year.
225 km3/year will be lost due to reservoir evaporation.
the total global water withdrawals are projected by Gleick
(1997) to be approximately 4,500 km3 in 2025.
INTRODUCTION
To provide adequate water resources for Africa will
confront several challenges, including population
pressure; problems associated with land use, such as
erosion/siltation; and possible ecological
consequences of land-use change on the hydrological
cycle.
According to Sharma et al. (1996), eight countries
were suffering from water stress or scarcity in 1990.
By 2000, about 300 million Africans risk living in a
water-scarce environment. More over, by 2025, the
number of countries experiencing water stress will rise
to 18 affecting 600 million people (World Bank, 1995).
INTRODUCTION
Long-term precipitation records from the Sahara give
a clear indication of declining precipitation in that
region (UNEP, 1997).
These declines in precipitation register as reduced
hydrological discharges in major river basins in the
sub humid zones
The combination of demographic trends and climate
change is likely to cause economically significant
constraints in some parts of Africa.
Introduction
1.4.1 Water Resources of Ethiopia
 its different geological formations and climatic conditions,
 endowed with considerable water resources and wetland
ecosystems
 12 river basins, about 14 major lakes, and some man
made reservoirs.
 About 123 billion cubic meters of water runs off annually
• .
from these river basins.
 Most of them are trans boundary Rivers.
 The country is also known for its groundwater resource, but
the potential has not been assessed in detail.
 The preliminary estimated amount of yearly groundwater
recharge of the country is about 28,000 Mm3.
 Recent studies indicated that the potential is much greater
than this amount.
 Most of the developed groundwater resources are mainly used
for domestic and industrial water supply
Existing situation
 The existing situation in water resources is as
presented on table below.
Table 1.4.1 Existing water Resources development in
Ethiopia (WSS_PASDEP)
S. No Uses Coverage
1 Water supply (Total) 65.2% (population)
 Rural 60.8% “
 Urban 88.2% “
 Livestock watering Negligible

2 Sanitation (Total) 8% (population)

 Rural 1% “
 Urban 60% “

3 Irrigation <6%
4 Hydropower <7%
5 Aquatic Recourses (fisheries) <10% of potential
6 Inland water Transport Negligible
Introduction
Ethiopia has about 10 Million ha of land suitable for
irrigation and 30, 000 MW hydropower potential sites.
Out of this huge potential, about 580, 000 ha of land
including the ongoing 331,000 ha of land and about
2000 MW power
 Introduction
Surface water resources potential of Ethiopia
Table 1.6.2: Important Physical Characteristics of the Ethiopian River Basins
R.No. Basin Name type Source Location Area(km2) Direction of Terminal
Flow
1 Wabi shebelle R Bale Highland 4 0 45'N-9 0 45'N 38 0 45'E-45 0 202220 East Indian Ocean
45'E
2 Abbay R West, Southwest HL 7 o 45 ' N-12 o 45 ' N; 34 o 05 ' E-39 199912 West ( Nile ) Mediterranean Sea
o 05 ' E
3 Genale Dawa R Bale Highland 3 0 30'N-7 0 20'N 37 0 05'E-43 0 172259 East Indian Ocean
20'E
4 Awash R Central Highland 8 0 30'N-12 0 00'N 38 0 05'E-43 0 110000 North-east Terminal Lakes
25'E (Internal)
5 Tekeze R North Wollo 11 0 40'N-15 0 12'N 36 0 30'E-39 0 82350 West ( Nile ) Mediterranean Sea
Highland 50'E
6 Denakil D North Wollo 12 o 0'N- 15 0 0' N 39 0 0' E- 42 0 64380 NF Internal
Highland 0'E.
7 Ogaden D No flow 5 0 30'N - 9 0 44' N 42 0 41'E-45 0 77120 NF Internal
00' E
8 Omo-Ghibe R Central, Western HL 4 0 30'N - 9 0 30'N 35 0 0'E - 38 0 79000 South Rudolph Lake
0'E Internal)
9 Baro-Akobo R Western Highland 5 0 31'N-10 0 54'N 33 0 0'E-36 0 17' 75912 West ( Nile ) Mediterranean Sea
E
10 Rift Valley Lakes L Arsi and Central HL 4 0 20'N-8 0 30'N 36 0 30'E-39 0 52000 South Chew Bahir
30'E
11 Mereb R Adigirat HL 14 0 03'N-14 0 52'N 37 0 51'E-39 0 5900 West ( Nile ) Swamp in Sudan
27'E
12 Aysha D No flow 10 0 00'N-11 0 00'N 42 0 00'E-43 0 2223 NF Internal
00'E
 Introduction
Water Resources Development Potential of Ethiopia
Table1. 6.5 Simple Parameters Indicating the Potential of the Basin
R.No. Basin Name Water Resources Irrigation Hydropower

Specific yield Per-Capital Potential ' Per capital ha. Firm Energy Per capital
(l/s/km2 ) availability m3 000ha GWH KWH/person
/person
1 Wabishebelle 0.53 578 209.3 0.04 7457 1268

2 Abbay 8.63 3823 1800 0.13 55000 3865

3 Genale Dawa 1.10 1176 1070 0.21 9270 1818

4 Awash 1.41 445 206 0.02 5589 508

5 Tekeze 3.16 1737 186.9 0.04 8384 1776

6 Denakil 0.42 416 0.00 - -

7 Ogaden 0.00 0 0.00 - -

8 Omo-Ghibe 6.66 2554 90.4 0.01 26026 4004

9 Baro-Akobo 9.70 10507 631 0.29 19826 8967

10 Rift Valley 3.44 708 131 0.02 12240 1537

Lakes
11 Mereb 3.87 1646 5 0.01 - -

12 Aysha 0.00 0 0 0.00 - -

introduction
1.7 Integrated water resources management
• Integrated water resources management is a logical
and appealing concept.
• Its basis is that the many different uses of water
resources are interdependent.
• Integrated management means that all the different
uses of water resources are considered together.
• Water allocations and management decisions consider
the effects of each use on the others.
Introduction
Management is used in its broadest sense.
It emphasises that we must not only focus on
development of water resources but that we must
consciously manage water development in a way that
ensures long term sustainable use for future
generations.
Integrated water resources management is therefore a
systematic process for the sustainable development,
allocation and monitoring of water resource use in the
context of social, economic and environmental
objectives.