Transport

Movement across
the Cell Membrane
 Lipids of cell membrane
• The Cell membrane consists primarily of
• phospholipids
– phospholipid bilayer hydrophilic
inside cell phosphate

lipid

hydrophobic
outside cell

S1
 The Fluidity of Membranes
• Phospholipids in the membrane are
• Fluid like (they can move easily)

Lateral movement Flip-flop

(~107 times per second) (~ once per month)

(a) Movement of phospholipids

Figure 7.5 A
S2
 Semi-permeable membrane
• Will allow passage through the membrane
• But need to control what gets in or out
– membrane is semi-permeable

sugar aa lipid H2O salt NH3

So how does a semi-

permeable membrane work?

S3
 Phospholipid bilayer
• What molecules can get through directly?

Small lipids can slip directly through the

phospholipid cell membrane.

NH3 lipid salt

inside cell

sugar aa H2O
outside cell
S4
Getting through cell membrane
• Diffusion
– Passive transport of small molecules-high to low
concentration
– Facilitated Diffusion
– Passive transport of larger molecules
– through a protein channel
– high  low concentration gradient
• Active transport
– diffusion against the concentration gradient
– low  high
– uses a protein channel (pump)
– requires ATP energy
S5
 Diffusion (passive transport)
• movement from high  low concentration

S6
 Diffusion of two solutes (passive)
• Each substance diffuses down its own
concentration gradient, independent of
concentration gradients of other substances

S7
Osmosis, the diffusion of water
• Water goes from HIGH to LOW
concentration
– “passive transport”
– no energy needed (does not require ATP)

diffusion osmosis S8
Simple diffusion across membrane
Which way will
lipid move?
lipid
lipid lipid
inside cell
lipid lipid lipid
low


high
lipid
outside cell lipid lipid
lipid

lipid lipid lipid

lipid
 Facilitated Diffusion through a Channel

• Movement from high to sugar

low
sugar Which way
sugar
will sugar
inside cell sugar sugar move?
low


high
outside cell
sugar sugar
sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar
Semi-permeable cell membrane
• But the cell still needs control
– membrane needs to be semi-permeable
• specific channels allow
specific material in & out

inside cell H 2O aa sugar

salt
NH3 cell
outside
 Active Transport (needs ATP energy)
• Membrane proteins act as a PUMP for specific molecules
– Transport of a substance from one side to
other
– requires energy -ATP
shape change transports
high

low
“The Doorman”
S9
Active transport can move materials from Low to High
concentration

• Cells may need molecules to move

• against concentration situation
protein pump
– requires energy
• ATP for NRG

Na+/K+ pump in nerve

cell membranes
S10
Transport summary
 How about large molecules?
• Moving large molecules into & out of cell
through vesicles & vacuoles
– Endocytosis (moving into cell)
• phagocytosis = “cell eating”
• pinocytosis = “cell drinking”
• receptor-mediated
endocytosis
– Exocytosis moving out

S11
exocytosis
 Endocytosis
fuse with
phagocytosis lysosome for
digestion

pinocytosis non-specific
process

triggered by
receptor-mediated chemical
endocytosis signal
 More than just a barrier…
• Expanding our view of cell membrane
beyond just a phospholipid bilayer barrier
– phospholipids plus…
A membrane is a collage of different proteins embedded in the
fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
 What are the Effects of Osmosis?
• If you place a cell in a solution (mixture of 2
substances) Three things can happen.

– 1. Isotonic solution –When the concentration of water

is the same inside and outside cell

– 2. Hypotonic solution- When there is a higher

concentration of water outside cell, so water moves
into cell

– 3. Hypertonic solution- when there is a higher

concentration of water inside cell, so water moves
out of cell
Page 3 of note packet
 Isotonic Solution
– Balanced conditions
• no difference between cell &
environment
– example: blood
– problem: none
» water flows across
membrane equally,
in both directions
» volume of cell doesn’t
change

Not in notes
 Hypotonic Solution
• Freshwater
– a cell in fresh water
• example: Paramecium
• problem: gains water,
swells & can burst
– water continually enters
Paramecium cell
• solution: contractile vacuole
– pumps water out of cell

Not in notes
 Hypertonic Solution
• Saltwater
– a cell in salt water
– example: shellfish
– problem: lose water
• plasmolysis in plants
• shrinking cell
– solution: take up water

Not in notes
 Methods of Transport
• Passive transport- movement from High
to low concentration. No energy is used
•
– This is also called Simple diffusion

• Active transport- movement from low to

high

– A. needs energy
– B. opposite of simple diffusion page 3
Simple Diffusion-Passive Transport
Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
“passive transport”
no energy needed
Which way will
molecules flow?

Not in notes
 Active transport
Cells may need molecules to
move against concentration
difference
need to pump “uphill”
from LOW to HIGH
using ATP
protein pump ATP
requires energy ATP

Not in
notes
 not in notes

Transport summary
diffusion

facilitated
diffusion

active ATP
transport
• Pinocytosis- cell drinking-engulfing
small particles.
• Phagocytosis- Cell engulfing- ex
Lysosomes fuse with a bacteria for
digestion
• Cyclosis- Movement of the cytoplasm

Page 4
 Membrane Carbohydrates
• Play a key role in cell-cell recognition
– ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells
from another
– important in organ &
tissue development
– basis for rejection of
foreign cells by
immune system
 Any Questions?
Fluid Mosaic Model