SAN PEDRO COLLEGE

Senior High School Department

Biology
2nd Quarter
I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
• Identify the structural components of the plasma membrane
• Describe and compare diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, and active
transport
• Explain factors that affect rate of diffusion across a cell membrane
• Predict the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments on
osmosis in animal cells
• Differentiate endocytosis and exocytosis
Plasma membrane
Membrane Structure
The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure has two components:

1. Phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

2. Globular Proteins inserted in the lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
-The phosphate group is polar and
hydrophilic (“water-loving”).
-Their nonpolar nature makes
them hydrophobic (“water-
fearing”).
Phospholipids
•Phospholipid bilayers are fluid:
- Hydrogen bonding of water holds the 2 layers together
- Individual phospholipids and unanchored proteins can move
laterally through the membrane
Membrane Proteins
• Membrane becomes semi-permeable via protein
channels
– specific channels allow specific material across cell
membrane

inside cell H2O aa sugar

NH3 salt outside cell

Membrane Proteins
• Two types of membrane proteins
- Classified by how they are associated with the membrane

1. Peripheral membrane proteins

2. Integral membrane proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Peripheral membrane proteins
• Anchored to a phospholipid in one layer of the membrane
• on the intracellular or extracellular face of the membrane
• Loosely bound to surface of the membrane
Membrane Proteins
Membrane Proteins
2. Integral membrane proteins
• Span the lipid bilayer (transmembrane proteins)

• embedded in the interior of the bilayer

- Transmembrane Domain

• Ex. Transport proteins

Membrane Proteins
Membrane Proteins
Membrane Transport
• Motion of substances in and out of the cell

• Cell membranes are Selectively permeable

• Two Types of Transport Mechanisms:

1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
Membrane Transport
• Passive transport is movement of molecules through the membrane in which
no energy is required from the cell

• Active transport requires energy expenditure by the cell

Getting through cell membrane
• Passive Transport
– Simple diffusion
– diffusion of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules
– lipids
– HIGH  LOW concentration gradient
– Facilitated transport
– diffusion of polar, hydrophilic molecules
– through a protein channel
– HIGH  LOW concentration gradient

• Active transport
– diffusion against concentration gradient
– LOW  HIGH
ATP
– uses a protein pump
– requires ATP
Membrane Transport
2. Active Transport – when cells uses ATP supply to move substances across
the membrane.
 
Types:
1. Solute Pumping – similar to facilitated diffusion that requires carriers
that reversibly with substances to be transported across membrane.

2. Bulk Transport – some substances that cannot get through the plasma
membrane in any other way are transported with the help of ATP into or
out of cell.
Passive transport
• There are two types of diffusion
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion

• Substances pass directly through the cell membrane

• The cell membrane has limited permeability to small
polar molecules, water, and ions

• The motion of water across the membrane is known

as osmosis
Passive Transport
DIFFUSION
Passive Transport
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
like the cell membrane
• Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
Osmosis
• Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high to low concentration
of water

- movement of water toward an area of high solute concentration

- in osmosis, only water is able to pass through the membrane

- Osmosis moves water through aquaporins

Passive Transport
Passive Transport
• Osmotic concentration is determined by the the concentration of all solutes in
solution

• Relative Osmotic Concentrations

• Hypertonic solutions: have a higher relative solute concentration

• Hypotonic solutions: have a lower relative solute concentration
• Isotonic Solutions: have equal relative solute concentrations
Passive Transport
Passive Transport

Osmotic Balance
• Cells crenate in hypertonic
solutions
Passive Transport

Osmotic Balance
• Cells lyse in hypotonic
solutions
Passive Transport

Osmotic Balance
• Cells are maintained in
isotonic solutions
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
• Organisms can maintain osmotic balance in different ways:

1. Some cells use extrusion in which water is ejected through contractile

vacuoles.

2. Isosmotic regulation involves keeping cells isotonic with their

environment.

3. Plant cells use turgor pressure to push the cell membrane against the cell
wall and keep the cell rigid.
Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion

• larger substances must pass through transported

proteins to get through the cell membrane

• The cell membrane is selectively permeable

Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion

• Is Specific - a carrier protein transports only certain molecules

or ions
• Is Passive - the direction of net movement is determined by the
relative concentrations on the substances inside an outside the cell
• Has a Saturation Point - rate of facilitated diffusion
(molecules/s) depends on gradient until all protein carriers are in use -
saturation point
Passive Transport

Proteins in the cell membrane form channels for large

molecules to pass through
Proteins that form channels (pores) are called protein
channels

Glucose
outside of cell
molecules

inside of cell
Channel Proteins
• Channel proteins include:

- ion channels allow the passage of ions (charged atoms

or molecules) which are associated with water

- gated channels are opened or closed in response to a

stimulus
– the stimulus may be chemical or electrical

37
ion channels
 Carrier Proteins
• Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage.
Active Transport

• Requires energy – ATP is used directly or indirectly to fuel active

transport

• Able to moves substances against the concentration gradient -

from low to high concentration
- allows cells to store concentrated substances

• Requires the use of carrier proteins

Active Transport
• Carrier proteins used in active transport include:
-uniporters – move one molecule at a time
-symporters – move two molecules in the same direction
-antiporters – move two molecules in opposite directions
Active Transport
1. Solute Pumping
2. Bulk Transport
Active Transport: Solute Pumping
Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump

• An active transport antiport mechanism

• Uses an antiporter to move 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell

• ATP energy is used to change the conformation of the carrier protein

• The affinity of the carrier protein for either Na+ or K+ changes so the ions can
be carried across the membrane
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
• Bulk transport of substances is accomplished by

1. Endocytosis – movement of substances into the cell

2. Exocytosis – movement of materials out of the cell

Active Transport: Bulk Transport
•
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
Ex: White Blood Cells, which are part of the immune
system, surround and engulf bacteria by endocytosis.
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
• Endocytosis occurs when the plasma membrane envelops food particles and
liquids.

1. phagocytosis – the cell takes in particulate matter

2. pinocytosis – the cell takes in only fluid

3. receptor-mediated endocytosis – specific molecules are taken in after they

bind to a receptor
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
Active Transport: Bulk Transport
• Exocytosis occurs when material is discharged from the cell.
• Vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane and release their
contents to the exterior of the cell

• Used in plants to export cell wall material

• Used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive

enzymes
Active Transport: Bulk Transport