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/Cell%20Membranes%20c
hapt05.ppt
Membranes
 INTRODUCTION
Game: “Simon says”
The learners will be grouped
into 4. The leader of the
group will be Simon and
he/she will say the
vocabularies while the
members will do the action.
2
• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – stump your feet
• PASSIVE TRANSPORT – stand up
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT – jump 3 times
• CONCENTRATION GRADIENT – arms up
• SIMPLE DIFFUSION – sit down
• FACILITATED DIFFUSION – sit down and
stump your feet
• CHANNEL PROTEINS – position number 2
• CARRIER PROTEINS – lift one member
• OSMOSIS – stand up, hands on the waist
• COUPLED TRANSPORT – hold hands
• BULK TRANSPORT – lift three members3
 MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY: SIMPLE DIFFUSION
Process Question:
1. What happened to the dye when you
put it into water? What is their
direction?
2. Refer to the dye as particles that are
diffusing, can you now define what is
simple diffusion?
3. Can you infer how simple diffusion
4
happen in cells?
 Membrane Structure
The fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure has two components:

1. Phospholipids arranged in a bilayer

2. Globular Proteins inserted in the lipid
bilayer

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• Phospholipids are a major component of
cell membranes. Phospholipids form a
lipid bilayer in which
their hydrophilic (attracted to water) head
areas spontaneously arrange to face the
aqueous cytosol and the extracellular
fluid, while their hydrophobic (repelled by
water) tail areas face away from the
cytosol and extracellular fluid. The lipid
bilayer is semi-permeable, allowing only
certain molecules to diffuse across the
membrane. https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
9
• Cholesterol is another lipid component of
animal cell membranes. Cholesterol molecules
are selectively dispersed between membrane
phospholipids. This helps to keep cell
membranes from becoming stiff by
preventing phospholipids from being too closely
packed together. Cholesterol is not found in the
membranes of plant cells.
• Glycolipids are located on cell membrane
surfaces and have a carbohydrate sugar chain
attached to them. They help the cell to
recognize other cells of the body.
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
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MAURIZIO DE ANGELIS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY 11
/ Getty Images
• The cell membrane contains two
types of associated
proteins. Peripheral membrane
proteins are exterior to and
connected to the membrane by
interactions with other
proteins. Integral membrane
proteins are inserted into the
membrane and most pass
through the membrane. 12
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
• Structural proteins help to give the cell support
and shape.
• Cell membrane receptor proteins help cells
communicate with their external environment
through the use of hormones, neurotransmitters,
and other signaling molecules.
• Transport proteins, such as globular proteins,
transport molecules across cell membranes
through facilitated diffusion.
• Glycoproteins have a carbohydrate chain
attached to them. They are embedded in the
cell membrane and help in cell to cell
communications and molecule transport across
13
the membrane. https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
 1. Phospholipids
The fatty acids are nonpolar chains of
carbon and hydrogen.

-Their nonpolar nature makes them

hydrophobic (“water-fearing”).

-The phosphate group is polar and

hydrophilic (“water-loving”).

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 1. Phospholipids
The partially hydrophilic, partially
hydrophobic phospholipid
spontaneously forms a bilayer:
-fatty acids are on the inside
-phosphate groups are on both
surfaces of the bilayer

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 1. Phospholipids
•Phospholipid bilayers are fluid:
- Hydrogen bonding of water holds the 2
layers together
- Individual phospholipids and unanchored
proteins can move laterally through the
membrane

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 1. Phospholipids
•Phospholipid bilayers are fluid:
- Saturated fatty acids make the membrane
less fluid than unsaturated fatty acids
- Cholesterols make the membrane more rigid
-Warm temperatures make the membrane
more fluid than cold temperatures

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 2. Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins have various functions:
1. Transporters
2. Enzymes
3. Cell Surface Receptors
4. Cell Surface Identity Markers
5. Cell-to-Cell Adhesion Proteins
6. Attachments to the Cytoskeleton

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 Membrane Proteins
• Two types of membrane proteins
- Classified by how they are associated with
the membrane

1. Peripheral membrane proteins

2. Integral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
1. Peripheral membrane proteins

• Anchored to a phospholipid in one layer

of the membrane
• on the intracellular or extracellular face of the
membrane

• Oossess nonpolar regions that are

inserted in the lipid bilayer

• Free to move throughout one layer of the

bilayer 22
1. Peripheral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
2. Integral membrane proteins
• Span the lipid bilayer (transmembrane
proteins)

• Nonpolar regions of the protein are

embedded in the interior of the bilayer
- Transmembrane Domain
• Polar regions of the protein protrude from
both sides of the bilayer
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2. Integral membrane proteins

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 Membrane Proteins
• Integral proteins possess at least one
transmembrane domain
- Region of the protein containing hydrophobic
amino acids

- Spans the lipid bilayer

- Usually alpha-helices
- Many receptors are integral proteins
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27
 Membrane Proteins
• Extensive nonpolar regions within a
transmembrane protein can create a pore
through the membrane.
• sheets in the protein secondary structure
form a cylinder called a -barrel

• -barrel interior is polar and allows water and

small polar molecules to pass through the
membrane
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 Membrane Transport
• Motion of substances in and out of the cell
• Cell membranes are Selectively
permeable

• Two Types of Transport Mechanisms:

1. Passive Transport
2. Active Transport
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 Membrane Transport
• Passive transport is movement of
molecules through the membrane in which
no energy is required from the cell

• Active transport requires energy

expenditure by the cell

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 1. Passive Transport
• Passive transport is movement of molecules
through the membrane in which no energy is
required from the cell

• Molecules move in response to a concentration

gradient
- A concentration gradient is a difference
between the concentration on one side of the
membrane and that on the other side

• Passive transport mechanisms only movement

substances along the concentration gradient
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 1. Passive Transport
• Passive transport mechanisms only
movement substances along the
concentration gradient:

- Substances move from an area of high

concentration to an area of low
concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
• Mechanisms of Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion
- movement of solute molecules from high solute
concentration to low solute concentration

2. Osmosis
- movement of solvent water from high solvent
concentration to low solvent concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
• Diffusion is movement of solute
molecules from high concentration to low
concentration

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 1. Passive Transport
• There are two types of diffusion
1. Simple Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion

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 1. Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
• Substances pass directly through
the cell membrane
• The cell membrane has limited
permeability to small polar
molecules, water, and ions
• The motion of water across the
membrane is known as osmosis 37
 1. Passive Transport
1. Simple Diffusion
• The rate (molecules/s) of simple
diffusion depends on the degree of
concentration gradient
• As the gradient reaches
equilibrium, diffusion slows
• At equilibrium, substances pass in
and out of the membrane at equal
rates 38
Rate of Simple Diffusion vs
Concentration

Rate

Concentration
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 1. Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion
• Substances must pass through
transported proteins to get through
the cell membrane
• The cell membrane is selectively
permeable

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 Passive Transport
Carrier proteins bind to the molecule that
they transport across the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion is movement of a

molecule from high to low concentration
with the help of a carrier protein.
-is specific
-is passive
-saturates when all carriers are occupied
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 Facilitated Diffusion
• Selective permeability: integral
membrane proteins allow the cell to be
selective about what passes through the
membrane.
- Channel proteins have a polar interior
allowing polar molecules to pass through.

- Carrier proteins bind to a specific molecule

to facilitate its passage.
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 Channel Proteins
• Channel proteins include:
- ion channels allow the passage of
ions (charged atoms or molecules) which
are associated with water

- gated channels are opened or closed

in response to a stimulus
– the stimulus may be chemical or electrical

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Fig. 5.10

Channel Proteins
ion channels
 Channel Proteins
• Ion channels allow the passage of ions
(charged atoms or molecules) across the
membrane

• A concentration gradient of ions across the

membrane creates a membrane potential
- a membrane potential is a charge
difference between the two sides of the
membrane
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Fig. 5.10

ion channels

+
+ +
+ +
+ + +

+
+
 Carrier Proteins
• Carrier proteins bind to a specific
molecule to facilitate its passage.

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 1. Passive Transport
2. Facilitated Diffusion
• Is Specific - a carrier protein transports only
certain molecules or ions
• Is Passive - the direction of net movement is
determined by the relative concentrations on the
substances inside an outside the cell
• Has a Saturation Point - rate of
facilitated diffusion (molecules/s) depends on gradient
until all protein carriers are in use - saturation point
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 Saturation of Facilitated
Diffusion

Rate

Concentration
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 Passive Transport
2. Osmosis
• Osmosis is the movement of water from
an area of high to low concentration of
water
- movement of water toward an area of high
solute concentration

- in osmosis, only water is able to pass

through the membrane

- Osmosis moves water through aquaporins

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51
 Osmosis
• Osmotic concentration is determined by
the the concentration of all solutes in
solution

• Relative Osmotic Concentrations

• Hypertonic solutions: have a higher relative
solute concentration
• Hypotonic solutions: have a lower relative
solute concentration
• Isotonic Solutions: have equal relative
solute concentrations 52
Fig. 5.13-1

Osmotic Balance
• Cells crenate in hypertonic
solutions
Fig. 5.13-3

Osmotic Balance
• Cells lyse in hypotonic
solutions
Fig. 5.13-2

Osmotic Balance
• Cells are maintained in
hypertonic solutions
 Osmosis
• Organisms can maintain osmotic balance
in different ways:
1. Some cells use extrusion in which
water is ejected through contractile
vacuoles.
2. Isosmotic regulation involves
keeping cells isotonic with their
environment.
3. Plant cells use turgor pressure to
push the cell membrane against the cell56 wall
and keep the cell rigid.
https://www.bcsdschools.net/cms/.../21%20Plant%20Structure
%20and%20Function.pp...
• The Pressure-flow model explains sugar movement.
• plants actively transport sugar from the source
• sugar flows to the sink due to pressure differences

phloem xylem

sugar
s
2 Water moves from
1 Sugars move from their the xylem into the
source, such as phloem by osmosis,
photosynthesizing water due to the higher
leaves, into the phloem. concentration of the
sugars in the
phloem. The water
flow helps move
sugars through the
3 The sugars move phloem.
into the sink, such
as root or fruit,
where the are stored.
Fig. 5.14
 2. Active Transport
Active transport

• Requires energy – ATP is used directly or

indirectly to fuel active transport

• Able to moves substances against the

concentration gradient - from low to high
concentration
- allows cells to store concentrated substances
• Requires the use of carrier proteins 59
 Active Transport
• Carrier proteins used in active transport
include:
-uniporters – move one molecule at a
time
-symporters – move two molecules in
the same direction
-antiporters – move two molecules in
opposite directions
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 Active Transport
Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump
• An active transport antiport mechanism
• Uses an antiporter to move 3 Na+ out of
the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
• ATP energy is used to change the
conformation of the carrier protein
• The affinity of the carrier protein for either
Na+ or K+ changes so the ions can be
carried across the membrane 61
 Active Transport
Sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump
• Used by animal cells to maintain a high
internal concentration of K+ ions and a low
internal concentration of Na+ ions

• Maintains a concentration gradient that is

used to power many other important
physiological process

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Fig. 5.15-1
Fig. 5.15-2
Fig. 5.15-3
66
 Active Transport
Coupled transport
• Uses the energy released when a
molecule moves by diffusion to supply
energy to active transport of a different
molecule

• A symporter is used
• Glucose-Na+ symporter captures the
energy from Na+ diffusion to move glucose
against a concentration gradient 67
68
 Bulk Transport
• Bulk transport of substances is
accomplished by

1. Endocytosis – movement of
substances into the cell

2. Exocytosis – movement of
materials out of the cell

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 Bulk Transport
• Endocytosis occurs when the plasma
membrane envelops food particles and
liquids.
1. phagocytosis – the cell takes in
particulate matter
2. pinocytosis – the cell takes in only
fluid
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis –
specific molecules are taken in after they
bind to a receptor
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 Bulk Transport
• Exocytosis occurs when material is
discharged from the cell.
• Vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell
membrane and release their contents to the
exterior of the cell

• Used in plants to export cell wall material

• Used in animals to secrete hormones,
neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes

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 Performance Task
Make a skit on the following:
Passive Transport
-Simple diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-Osmosis
Active Transport
-Na+-K+ Pump
Bulk Transport
- Endocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Exocytosis 76