3.object Oriented

Module 3 – OBJECT ORIENTED MODELING
AND DESIGN
Name of Faculty: Manisha Kumari

Assistant professor
MCA Department
Contents
What is object orientation?
• What is oo development?
• Oo themes
• Evidence for usefulness of oo development
• Oo modeling history
• Modeling
• Abstraction
• The tree models
• Objects and class concepts
• Link and association concepts
• Generalization and inheritance
• A sample class model
• Navigation of class models
• Practical tip
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Object oriented modeling and design PG Dept. MCA 2
Brindavan College, Bangalore
Introduction
Object-oriented modeling and design is a way of thinking

about problems using models organized around real world
concepts. The fundamental construct is the object, which
combines both data structure and behavior.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
OBJECT ORIENTATION?
OO means that we organize software as a collection of discrete

objects (that incorporate both data structure and behavior).
There are four aspects (characteristics) required by an OO
approach
 Identity.
 Classification.
 Inheritance.
 Polymorphism.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Identity
• Identity means that data is quantized into discrete, distinguishable
entities called objects. E.g. for objects: personal computer, bicycle,
queen in chess etc.
• Objects can be concrete (such as a file in a file system) or
conceptual (such as scheduling policy in a multiprocessing OS).
Each object has its own inherent identity. (i.e. two objects are
distinct even if all their attribute values are identical).
• In programming languages, an object is referenced by a unique
handle.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Inheritance
• It is the sharing of attributes and operations (features) among
classes based on a hierarchical relationship. A super class has
general information that sub classes refine and elaborate.
• E.g. Scrolling window and fixed window are sub classes of
window.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Polymorphism
• Polymorphism means that the same operation may behave
differently for different classes.
• For E.g. move operation behaves differently for a pawn than for
the queen in a chess game
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
OO DEVELOPMENT
• Development refers to the software life cycle: Analysis, Design and
Implementation.
• The essence of OO Development is the identification and
organization of application concepts, rather than their final
representation in a programming language.
• OO development is fundamentally a way of thinking and not a
programming technique.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
OO methodology
• System conception
• Analysis
• Domain Model
• Application Model
• System Design
• Class Design
• Implementation
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Three models
• Class Model - for the objects in the system & their relationships. It
describes the static structure of the objects in the system and their
relationship.
• State model - for the life history of objects. It describes the
aspects of an object that change over time. It specifies and
implements control with state diagrams-a graph whose nodes are
states and whose arcs are transition between states caused by
events.
• Interaction Model - for the interaction among objects. It describes
how the objects in the system co-operate to achieve broader
results. This model starts with use cases that are then elaborated
with sequence and activity diagrams.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
OO THEMES
1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation (information hiding)
3. Combining data and behaviour
4. Sharing
5. Emphasis on the essence of an object
6. Synergy
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
MODELLING AS A DESIGN
TECHNIQUE
• MODELLING
 Testing a physical entity before building it
 Communication with customers
 Visualization
 Reduction of complexity
• ABSTRACTION
 Abstraction is the selective examination of certain aspects of a
problem.
 The goal of abstraction is to isolate those aspects that are
important for some.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
3 models
Three kinds of models to describe a system

• Class model
• State model
• Interaction model
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Class model
• Describes basic structure of objects and their relationship

• Contains class diagram
• Class diagram is a graph whose nodes are object classes
(Classes) and whose arcs are relationships among classes
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
State model
• Describes the aspects of a system that change over time.

• It specifies and implement control aspects of a system.
• Contains state diagram.
• State diagram is a graph whose nodes are states and whose arcs
are data-flows
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Interaction Model
• Describes how the objects in a system cooperate to achieve border

result
• Contains Use Case, Sequence diagram and activity diagram.
• Use case focuses on the functionality of a system –that is what a
system does for a user.
• Sequence diagram shows the object that interact and the time
sequence of their interaction.
• Activity diagram elaborate important processing steps
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Relationship among the Models
• Class model describes properties and behavior on which the
state and interaction model operate.
• State model shows decisions that depend on object value ,the
decisions causes changes in object value and subsequent
states.
• Interaction model provide overview of the operation of a
system.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Object and Class concepts
Objects
Define objects as a concept, abstraction or thing with identity that
has meaning for an application.
All objects have identity and are distinguishable.eg:- Two apples can
be described as 2 different objects even though they have the same
descriptive properties.
Classes
An object class describes a group of objects with similar properties
(attributes), behavior (operations), relationships to other objects and
semantics.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Class diagram:
It provides a graphical notation for modeling classes and their

relationship, thereby describing possible objects.
UML symbol for class is a box. List class name in boldface, center the
name in the box, and capitalize the first letter
Person Company
Class diagrams are useful both for abstract modeling and designing
actual program.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Object diagram
• It shows individual objects and their relationship.
• A class diagram can have infinite set of object diagram.
JoeSmith:Person TCS:Company Apple: Fruit
• UML symbol for object is a box with an object name followed by a

colon and class name. the object and class name are both
underlined.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Values and Attributes
• A Value is a piece of data.
• An attribute is a named property of a class that describes a value
held by each object of the class.
• Each attribute name is unique within a class.
• An attribute should be a pure data value, not an object.
Person JoeSmith:Person
name: string name: “JoeSmith”
age: integer age: 20
birthdate: date birthdate: 1 Jan 1993
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Links and Association Concepts
Link
• Links and associations are the means for establishing relationships
among objects.
• An association describes a group of links with common structure
and semantics.
Association
• Association is a group of links having common structure and
common behavior.
• Association depicts the relationship between objects of one or
more classes
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Degree of an Association
Degree of an association denotes the number of classes involved in a

connection. Degree may be unary, binary, or ternary.
• A unary relationship connects objects of the same class.

• A binary relationship connects objects of two classes.
• A ternary relationship connects objects of three or more classes.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Cardinality Ratios of Associations
Cardinality of a binary association denotes the number of instances

participating in an association. There are three types of cardinality
ratios, namely −
• One–to–One − A single object of class A is associated with a single
object of class B.
• One–to–Many − A single object of class A is associated with many
objects of class B.
• Many–to–Many − An object of class A may be associated with
many objects of class B and conversely an object of class B may
be associated with many objects of class A.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Multiplicity
• It specifies how many instances of one class may relate to a single
instance of an associated class.
• Multiplicity depends upon assumptions and how you define the
boundaries of a problem
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Generalization and Inheritance
• Generalization is a relationship between a super class and subclass.

• Each subclass is said to be inherit the features of its super class.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Use of generalization
1. It support for polymorphism.

2. It structure the description of objects.
3. It enable reuse of code.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Generalization and Specialization
Generalization and specialization represent a hierarchy of
relationships between classes, where subclasses inherit from super-
classes.
Generalization
• The common characteristics of classes are combined to form a
class in a higher level of hierarchy.
• It represents an “is – a – kind – of” relationship.
Specialization
• Specialization is the reverse process of generalization.
• The distinguishing features of groups of objects are used to form
specialized classes from existing classes.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Continue…
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Class Diagram
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Activity
Draw a Class Diagram
1. Whatsapp Application
2. Atm machine
3. Facebook
4. Amazon online shopping app
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
NAVIGATION OF CLASS MODELS
• Class models are useful for more than just data structure.
• Navigation of class model lets you express certain behavior.
• Navigation exercises a class model and uncovers hidden flaws
and omission, which you can then repair.
UML incorporates a language that can be used for navigation, the

object constraint language(OCL)
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Object constraint language(OCL).
OCL can traverse the constructs in class models
1. Attributes
2. Operations
3. Simple associations
4. Qualified associations
5. Associations classes
6. Generalization
7. Filters
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Write an OCL expression for –
1. What transactions occurred for a credit card account within a time
interval?
Soln: aCreditCardAccount.Statement.Transaction ->
select(aStartDate<=TransactionDateand
TransactionDate<=anEndDate)
2. What volumes of transactions were handled by an institution in the
last
year?
Soln: anInstitution.CreditCardAccount.Statement.Transaction ->
select(aStartDate<=TransactionDateandTransactionDate<=anEndDate).a
mount-
>sum( )
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Continue…
3. What customers patronized a merchant in the last year by any kind
of
credit card?
Soln: aMerchant.Purchase -> select(aStartDate<=TransactionDate
andtransactionDate<=anEndDate).Statement.CreditCardAccount.Maili
ngAddress.Cu
stomer ->asset( )
4. How many credit card accounts does a customer currently have?
Soln: aCustomer.MailingAddress.CreditCardAccount -> size( )
5. What is the total maximum credit for a customer for all accounts?
Soln: acustomer.MailingAddress.CreditCardAccount.Maximumcredit
Manisha Kumari -
Assistant Professor
> sum( )
Advanced Class Modeling
• Advanced object and class concepts
• Association ends
• N-array association
• Aggregation
• Abstract classes
• Multiple inheritance
• Metadata
• Reification
• Constraints
• Derived data
• Packages Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Advanced object and class concepts
Enumerations
A data type is a description of values, includes numbers, strings,
enumerations
Enumerations: A Data type that has a finite set of values.
We can declare an enumeration by listing the keyword enumeration
in guillemets (<< >>) above the enumeration name in the top
section of a box. The second section
lists the enumeration values.
 Eg: Boolean type= { TRUE, FALSE}
 Eg: figure.pentype _____ - - - - - -------
 Two diml.filltype
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Continue…
Enumerations
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Multiplicity
• Multiplicity is a collection on the cardinality of a set, also

applied to attributes (database application).
• Multiplicity of an attribute specifies the number of possible
values for each instantiation of an attribute. i.e., whether an
attribute is mandatory ( [1] ) or an optional value ( [0..1] or * i.e.,
null value for database attributes ) .
• Multiplicity also indicates whether an attribute is single valued or
can be a collection.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Scope
• Scope indicates if a feature applies to an object or a class.

• An underline distinguishes feature with class scope (static) from
those with object scope.
• Our convention is to list attributes and operations with class
scope at the top of the attribute and operation boxes, respectively.
• The most common use of class-scoped operations is to create
new instances of a class, sometimes for summary data as well
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Visibility
• Visibility refers to the ability of a method to reference a feature

from another class and has the possible values of public,
protected, private, and package.
• Any method can access public features.
• Only methods of the containing class and its descendants via
inheritance can access protected features.
• Only methods of the containing class can access private features.
• Methods of classes defined in the same package as the target
class can access package features
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Associations ends
• Association End is an end of association.
• A binary association has 2 ends; a ternary association has 3
ends.
• Association end name
• Multiplicity
• Ordering
• Bags and sequence
• Qualification
• Aggregation
• Changeability
• Navigability
• Visibility Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
N-ary Association
• We may occasionally encounter n-ary

associations (association among 3 or more
classes). But we should try to avoid n-ary
associations- most of them can be
decomposed into binary associations, with
possible qualifiers and attributes.
Aggregation
• Aggregation is a strong form of association in
which an aggregate object is made of
constituent part.
• Aggregation is semantically an extended
object that is treated a as unit in many
operations.
• The most significant property of aggregation is
Transitivity and Antisymmetric.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Continue…
• Aggregation versus Association
• Aggregation versus Composition
• Propagation of operations
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Abstract Classes
• An abstract class is a class that has no direct
instances but whose descendant classes have
direct instances.
• A concrete class is a class that can have direct
instances.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Module 3
Draw Class Diagram for Super Market
Management System.
Manisha Kumari
Assistant Professor
Exercise
1. What transactions occurred for a credit card
account within a time interval?
2. What volumes of transactions were handled by an
institution in the last year?
3. What customers patronized a merchant in the last
year by any kind of credit card?
4. How many credit card accounts does a customer
currently have?
5. What is the total maximum credit for a customer
for all accounts?

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3.object Oriented

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Module 3 – OBJECT ORIENTED MODELING

Name of Faculty: Manisha Kumari

Object-oriented modeling and design is a way of thinking

OO means that we organize software as a collection of discrete

Three kinds of models to describe a system

• Describes basic structure of objects and their relationship

• Describes the aspects of a system that change over time.

• Describes how the objects in a system cooperate to achieve border

It provides a graphical notation for modeling classes and their

JoeSmith:Person TCS:Company Apple: Fruit

• UML symbol for object is a box with an object name followed by a

Degree of an association denotes the number of classes involved in a

• A unary relationship connects objects of the same class.

Cardinality of a binary association denotes the number of instances

• Generalization is a relationship between a super class and subclass.

1. It support for polymorphism.

UML incorporates a language that can be used for navigation, the

• Multiplicity is a collection on the cardinality of a set, also

• Scope indicates if a feature applies to an object or a class.

• Visibility refers to the ability of a method to reference a feature

• We may occasionally encounter n-ary

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