Definition

Organisms lives in physically/geochemically extreme

conditions that mostly detrimental for other forms of
life.

In other words, an extremophile is a microorganism,

mostly an archaeon that lives in conditions of
extreme acidity, alkalinity, temperature, salinity,
pressure, nutrient scarcities etc.
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seabed from which geothermally
heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically
active places.
A geyser is a spring characterized by an intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and
accompanied by steam. The formation of geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions
that exist only in a few places on Earth. Generally all geyser field sites are located near active
volcanic areas. Generally, surface water works its way down to an average depth of around
2,000 metres (6,600 ft) where it contacts hot rocks. The resultant boiling of the pressurized
water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface
vent.

Hot spring, also called thermal spring, spring with water at temperatures substantially higher
than the air temperature of the surrounding region. Most hot springs discharge groundwater
that is heated by shallow intrusions of magma (molten rock) in volcanic areas.

Fumaroles are openings in the earth's surface that emit steam and volcanic gases, such as
sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. They can occur as holes, cracks, or fissures near active
volcanoes or in areas where magma has risen into the earth's crust without erupting.
Mechanism
Mainly employ two mechanisms to prevent desiccation through osmosis.
Both strategies work by increasing the osmotic concentration of the cell.
1. In the first method, organic compounds are accumulated in the cytoplasm.
- They are known as osmoprotectants or compatible solutes.
- It includes sugars, amino acids, polyols, betaines etc. These compounds can
be synthesized or accumulated from the environment.
- Example: Ectothiorhodospira halochloris