Welcome to

Science Class
DNA

CHROMOSOMES

DNA

SYNTHESIS
COMPARING DNA AND RNA

Double Single
stranded stranded

Nucleus Cytoplasm

Deoxyribose Ribose

Adenine- uracil
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
Guanine- Cytosine
 DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLIEC
ACID
DNA is like a
Ladder Architect
What is Deoxyribonucleic acid?
Deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that carries genetic
information for the development and functioning of an
organism.

Why is it called the blueprint of life?

DNA is called the blueprint of life because it contains the

instructions needed for an organism to grow, develop,
survive, and reproduce.
COMPONENTS OF DNA
PHOSPHATE GROUP
is bonded to a 5-
Carbon sugar
SUGAR
Ribose
deoxyribose

NITROGENOUS
BASES
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
A weak Hydrogen Bond joins the bases.
COMPONENTS and STRUCTURE OF A DNA
COMPONENTS and STRUCTURE OF A DNA
The nitrogenous base is
bonded to 1’ C of deoxyribose.

A Nucleotide is linked to
another nucleotide by 3’-5’ C of
deoxyribose.

Alternating Sugar and

phosphate as the backbone
and Nitrogenous bases on the
center
 COMPONENTS and structure of a DNA

Anti-parallel
 DNA
REPLICATION
Identify the enzymes that are involved in DNA
Replication.

Primase Helicase DNA polymerase

Ligase SSBP Topoisomerase

Types of DNA Polymerases
DNA Polymerase 1 removes RNA primer and replaces it
with newly synthesized DNA.

DNA Polymerase II Repair function

DNA Polymerase III Main enzyme that adds

nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction.
Below are the different characters of the
DNA Replication.
Single Strand Binding Protein (SSBP) - stabilize the
unwound parental DNA, preventing the separated
strands from joining again.

TOPOISOMERASE
(gyrase)- prevents
HELICASE – enzymes that unwinds and supercoiling on the
separates the double stranded DNA. separated strands.
 PRIMASE - enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer;
the primer is needed for DNA pol to start synthesis of a
new DNA strand.

RNA PRIMERS serves as a starting

point for DNA polymerase, which
DNA POLYMERASE- is responsible for creating
builds complementary DNA.
the new strand by a process called
ELONGATION.
 ANTI-
PARALLEL

5’ to 3’
indicate the
carbon
numbers in
the DNA’S
Synthesis is
BACKBONE
discontinuous
on the strand
moving away
from the
replication fork
(LAGGING
STRAND)
leading to the Synthesis is continuous on the strand
formation of
Okazaki moving towards the replication fork
fragments
(LEADING STRAND)
Understanding more about LEADING
STRAND and LAGGING STRANDS

How are
LEADING and
LAGGING
STRANDS
FORMED?
Why is the LAGGING strand discontinuous?
What is an OKAZAKI fragment? How are these Okazaki
fragments formed?
The lagging strand cannot
be created continuously
because its template strand
has 5' to 3' directionality,
which means the
polymerase must work
backward from the
replication fork.
What enzyme does the proofreading during
DNA Replication?

DNA
Polymerase
What is DNA Replication?

DNA replication is the biological

process of producing two identical
replicas of DNA from one original DNA
molecule.
2. Why is DNA replication important?
**Without the copying of the DNA life would not continue
as existing organisms would not be able to reproduce and
replace themselves.
**helps in the inheritance process by transfer of genetic
material from one generation to another.
**ensures that each daughter cell formed at the end of cell
division receives an equal amount of DNA.

**Growth, development, reproduction, and repair of damaged

tissues
DNA is used in
DNA is used in
MEDICINE
DNA is used in
diagnostics, new
vaccine development,
and cancer therapy.
DNA is used in
AGRICULTURE
They were able to produce
genetically modified
organisms that involve
inserting DNA into the
genome of an organism.
DNA is used in
Forensic science
Forensic scientists can use DNA
profiles to identify criminals or
determine parentage. A DNA
profile is like a genetic fingerprint.
Every person has a unique DNA
profile, making it very useful for
identifying people involved in a
crime.
Thank you