BSED

102
Philippine
Indigenous
Community Cultures
MODULE 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON

Krista Monica E. Laguna

 Philippine
Indigenous
Community Cultures
MODULE 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF LUZON

• Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/

Mountain Province
• Region 2 and the rest of Luzon
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) / Mountain Province
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

Kalingas Isnegs

Itnegs
Ibalois
IGOROTSIndigenous Peoples

Gaddangs Ifugaos

Bontoks Kankanaeys
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
KALINGAS
• “Fighters” or “head-takers” are
original dwellers of the Chico River’s
middle regions.
• They are also known as the
“peacocks” of the Cordillera for their
ornate and intricate fashion.
• “Bodong” or the peace pacts were
initiated which resulted to lesser violent
conflicts. Kalingas
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 IBALOIS
• Ibalois meaning “people who live in
houses” and Kafagway or “those who
live in the grasslands” of the southern
parts of Benguet.
• They are perceived as reticent, “shy
ak mango” which is supposed to mean
“I’ll just stay here”.
• Famous dance is the “Bendiyan” and
Ibalois
has a feast called “Pesshet”.
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 GADDANGS
• The term “Gaddang”: “ga - heat” and
“dang - burned” they mainly live in the
Cagayan Valley, Kalinga and eastern
Bontoc.
• Men particularly slip into their loincloths
or “dinega”, a small beaded jacket or
“koton” and cape or “tapit”.
• “Turayen”, which is a popular dance of
imitating birds attracted to the tobacco Gaddangs
shrubs. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 BONTOKS
• “Buntuk” which means mountain live
mostly on the banks of the Chico
River.
• Headhunting - circular dances acting
out certain aspects of the headhunt.
• Known for their impressive animal
(omen) and geometric body tattoos
men were only allowed to have
tattoos after having killed enemies in
Bontoks/Bontocs conflicts. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
KANKANAEYS • Wide domain including
western Mountain
Province, Benguet
and southern Ilocos.
• Distinguished by
language: “Applais” :
Sagada and Besao
and “ “lukneng” :
towns of Sabangan,
Tadian and Bauko.
Kankanaeys Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
IFUGAOS
• Ifugao means "inhabitant of
the known earth" or “ipugo”
meaning “from uphill”
• Their Banaue Rice Terraces
had once been hailed as the
"eighth wonder of the world",
while Batad Rice Terraces is
declared as “UNESCO world
heritage site”
Ifugao
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
IFUGAOS
• Gotad is one phase in
the performance of the
three prestige rites:
more rice wine drinking
and folk singing.
• There is gottadan
(ethnic parade),
narrative chants of the
epics.
Batad Rice Terraces Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
ITNEGS
• Abra.
• Exonym of “Tinggian” meaning
“people of the mountains”.
• There are two general groupings:
(1) the valley Tinggian and (2)
the mountain Tinggian.
• NOTE:
“lakay” as the head,
assisted by a council of elders:
Kadaklan as the supreme deity: the
ritual specialists and healers are Itnegs
usually women. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 ISNEGS
• Apayao.
• “Is” meaning recede and “uneg”
meaning interior.
• The Spaniards referred to them as
“los Apayaos” meaning “to the river
along which they live”.
• Important rituals: (1) Say-am feast
celebrated by the rich and (2) Pildap
celebrated by the poorer
Isnegs Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
Cultural
ELEMENTS
 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

Binnadang cautionary tales

bad reputation and
non-reciprocal
shame of tribe

VALUES
assistance rooting
members due to
from genuine
wrong doings
concern
Cultural Elements become perpetual

brother-sister
avoidance Personalized pieces media
Essays, poems, and rhetorically or
(incest is a strict taboo), indecent
artistically composed statements
outdoor behavior is prohibited
promote or defend one’s indigeneity.
CULTURAL MEMES
AND TEXTUAL
COMPOSITIONS
 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

ARTS
Cultural Elements

The arts include ancestral dwellings, indigenous tools,

weapons, sculpture, woodcarvings, body tattooing, and
paintings. Igorots are known for various forms of artworks (e.g.
the Ifugaos are described as people actively engaged in the
arts, particularly carving, weaving, and blacksmithing; the
Kalingas are known for body tattooing and the art of elaborate
mummification was practiced by the people of Benguet).
 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

LANGUAGE Cultural Elements

The use of native dialects (e.g. Ilokano, Kankanaey, Ibaloi) in

conversations is prevalent. Although Ilokano may not be a
native dialect of Igorots, it is used between tribes of different
speaking tongues.
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

SCENERIES Cultural Elements

Baguio
Banaue Rice City
Terraces Mt. Pulag, Bakun
Sagada Caves
 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

Music and Dance Cultural Elements

Although, each Igorot tribe has its own dance, a generic term is
“Tayaw”, performed in a harmonious circular motion with the
beat of gongs. This has become the signature dance of the
Cordilleran identity.
 Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

CEREMONIES AND RITUALS

Cultural Elements

Tribe in the Cordilleras generally, reflect major stages of an

individual’s life cycle (birth to death) and in annual round of
community activities. Despite the discontinuation of some
traditions, modern community involved ceremonies still include
facets of traditional practices (e.g. there is the “Cañao” or the
common term for a festival, ceremony, a liturgy service, rite,
ritual or offering).
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

STORIES AND NARRATION

Cultural Elements

There are popular tales and legends, origin myths, nursery

tales, satirical stories among different tribes and Igorot
experiences on encounters with other societies.
KABIGAT AND BUGAN
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

FESTIVAL AND SPORTS

Cultural Elements

Etag Festival of Panagbenga Festival of Lang-ay Festival of

Sagada Baguio Bontoc
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/ Mountain Province

FESTIVAL AND SPORTS

Cultural Elements

Sanggol Tursi Bultong

Pair-Share Activity
Answer the following guide questions:
1) Who is Macli-ing Dulag?
2) Why is Macli-ing Dulag considered as a Kalinga historical
figure?
3) What are the notable cultural manifestations revealed in
the video?
4) How would you describe the contemporary Kalinga
youth?
 Philippine
Indigenous
Community Cultures
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF LUZON

• Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)/

Mountain Province
• Region 2 and the rest of Luzon
 Region II and the rest of Luzon
Indigenous Peoples

Malawegs Isinais

Ibanag Itawes

Ikalahans
Ilongots
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
MALAWEGS
• Friar called the area “mal”
(bad) “ueg” (fresh water).
• Small group in Cagatyan
Valley.
• 98% of the people living in
Rizal can speak the Malaweg
dialect so it became known as
"The Premier Town of
Malaweg".
Malawegs
• Christians. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 IKALAHANS
• “Forest" while the prefix “I”
means "living in” also
referred as the Kalanguya.
• Distinct sense of
entrepreneurship - their
natural with no chemical
additives.
• Kalahan Educational
Foundation (KEF).
Ikalahans Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
ITAWES
• “People across the river”.
occupying 8.9% of the population
of Cagayan and use the Ibanag
language.
• Pasingaan - man delivers a
convincing letter professing his
intentions.
• Kalgawan na boda - groom’s
mother pays settlement.
Itawes
• Annafunan - reconciliation dance. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 IBANAG
• “People of the river”
composing 17.3% originally
inhabited the areas in the
mouth of Cagayan River.
• They learned about the
basic lowland technologies
in cultivating rice and corn
as well cash crops such as
tobacco and cotton.
Ibanag Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
ISINAIS
• Nueva Vizcaya and
Quirino.
• Subsistence technology:
wet rice farming.
• Population movement
theories point to the Isinai
territories as possible travel
camps in the migration of
people to the highlands.
Isinais
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
 ILONGGOTS
• Translates as “animist” and
“headhunter” and also known as
Bugkalot meaning “interwoven”.
• Alipan – bilateral kinship but no
enduring descent groups
• Puron – power of persuasion of
leader.
• Tukbed – male headdress status
symbol for successful
headhunters.
Ilongots. Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON
ASSIGNMENT #2:
Watch the videos:
African Tribes of the Philippines (Parts 1 and 2)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gd0yHM4nTlY)
Answer these guide questions:
Write your answer in a ½ crosswise sheet of paper pass it on March
04, 2024 (Monday) at 5pm.
1. Do Negritos truly have an African lineage/ancestry? Cite
references.
2. Write a reflection on “systemic racism” in the context of Negrito
tribes in the Philippines. How can you be an ally in the fight against it?
Module 5: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF
LUZON