COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

WITH PHILIPPINE INSTITUTION

GROUP 5

GROUP MEMBERS:

DOMINGO, ISADORA-
CHORHANGON, MORWENA-
WIGAN, MARILOU-
LOPNAO, BLESSEL-
NIPLOY, KELLY-
DULNUAN, NYGREN-
DANGAYO, PAUL JOHN-

SUBMITTED TO:

JACKLORD BENOHLAN
 PROVINCE OF ABRA
HISTORY:
 Abra province is one of the six provinces in the Cordillera Administrative region (CAR). It is
hemmed in the towering mountain ranges of the Ilocos on the west and the Cordillera in the east.
It is bounded on the north by Ilocos Norte, on the south by Ilocos Sur and Mountain Province, on
the east by Kalinga and on the west Apayao.
 This landlocked province is a melting pot of the lowland people of dominant Spanish ancestry
and the Tingguian tribe.
 In late 1972, just after the declaration of Martial Law on September 21, a barely-known logging
company began to make its presence felt in the Abra Province, conducting spot tree surveys in the
forested eastern uplands. The company was owned by Herminio Disini, a crony of then- President
Marcos.
 The total land area of Abra is 397,555 hectares. Of these, 98,420 hectares is considered alienable
and disposable land. The total forested area is 299,135 hectares. From this forested area, 8,106 is
unclassified forest land and 291,030 hectares is classified forest land. The established forest
reserve is 258,743 hectares. The established timberland is 32,230 hectares. The national parks
comprise 57 hectares.
 Abra’s natural resources are: forest, gold, clay guano, rock phosphate, magnetite, alluvial gold
and silica sand. The forest, mineral and rich agricultural land in Abra, most of which are located
in ancestral lands is a magnet for local and foreign corporations to own and exploit.

PEOPLE:
TINGGUIAN - Tingguian means mountain dweller. It also refers to the people who retreated to the Abra
valley and its highlands.
-The Tingguians are also called Itneg. Itneg comes from the word “iti uneg” meaning
inside.
 There is a tendency though to refer to the Itnegs as those who live in the Abra’s far-flung areas
and the Tingguians as the people who have been assimilated into the populace, which are the
Ilocanos.
THERE ARE TWO TINGGUIAN GROUPS:
• VALLEY TINGUIAN
• MOUNTAIN TINGGUIAN
-They live in the highlands of northern and eastern Abra.

DIALECT
 SOME DIALECT THAT ARE USE IN ABRA:
In 27 municipalities of Abra, only twenty-two (22) speak the eleven (11) Ethno linguistic dialects: Adasen,
Balatok, Banao, Belwang, Binongan, Gobang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit and Muyadan;

- while fourteen (14) municipalities speak the Inlaud dialect.

 Abra was first inhabited by the ancestors of the Bontoks, Ifugaos and the Tingguians or Itnegs.
There are 11 sub-groups with different dialects and their settlements are:
1. Adasen [Lagayan, San Juan, Tineg]
2. Banaw [Daguioman & Malibcong, and Balbalan (in Kalinga)]
3. Binungan [Baay-Licuan, Lacub]
4. Balatok [Villages of Amti, Kilong-olaw, & Danak (all in Boliney)]
5. Belwang [Dao-angan village (in Boliney)]
6. Gubang [Malibcong]
7. Inlaud [Lagangilang & Peñarrubia, Lumaba village (in Villaviciosa), Villages of Abang & Patoc
(in Bucay), Langiden, San Isidro, San Quintin, Danglas, parts of Nueva Era (in Ilocos Norte)]
8. Mabaka [Lacub, Malibcong]
9. Maeng [Luba, Tubo, & Villaviciosa, and San Emilio, Banayoyo, & other Ilocos Sur towns]
10. Masadiit [Sallapadan & Bucloc, Sitio Sapdaan (in Manabo), Western Boliney (barangays
poblasyon, bawiyan, and dumagas)]
11. Ammutan, a.k.a. Muyadan Tribe [Manabo] and etc.

CULTURE IN ABRA
 Abra’s inhabitants are mostly Ilocano and Tanguians. occasionally there are exhibition of
objects testifying to the rich cultural and ethnic background of the different ethnic groups
and tribes. Dance performances showcasing tribal dancing can be seem especially during
the yearly town fiestas and the Abra festivals

TRADITIONAL ATTIRE
-The first material used by the Tinguian for their clothing was the bark of trees, which they used to
fashion headbands, loincloth, and containers.

MALE ATTIRE
-With the introduction of cloth, Tinguian weavers eventually produced the male suit called the
ba-al (clout), worn together with the balibas (woven shirt). On special occasions, a bado (long-
sleeved jacket) is also worn with this suit. A traditional headgear made from bamboo with a low
dome-shaped top reminiscent of the lowland salakot completes the male costume.
FEMALE ATTIRE
-The female suit consists of a short-sleeved jacket with a narrow skirt extending from the waist
down to the knees, with a girdle attached to a clout in the case of adolescent females. Other
traditional attire for women include the kimona (sleeveless short blouse) and tapis (skirt), which
can either be a gamit (colorful striped or checkered skirt) or a dinniwa (plain white skirts with red
border stripes). The dinniwa is worn on special occasions.

A. SOME BASIC BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

1. Kabunian- The Tinguians believe in Kabunian, known as the creator, a friend and a helper of the
poor.
2. Apadel or kalagang-Apadel or kalagang is the guardian god that lives in the
Kabangaan/Pinaing/Pinat-ing. These are modular stones placed in the entrance of some
communities (ili), sometimes kept under trees. They are believed to be the guardian of the ili.
People believes the spirits defend the community from natural and man-made calamities.
During social gatherings like buda or pa-siyam (nine day after burial) the apo baket (elder
woman) rubs coconut oil on each of the kabangaan before the tadek (traditional dance) is
danced. Sometimes yellow bands are placed as well. They believed that this will welcome them
as part of the celebration and that the pinaing will continue to shield them from harm.

3. Pudayen-This is another spirit believed to inhabit the sangasang, which is a bamboo structure at
the entrance of the village. They likewise are believed to be guardians and overseers.
4. Alpogan or mandadawak-These are the mediums where spirits make their wishes known. Some
alpogan are middle-aged female believed to possess the power to communicate directly with
spirits.
5. Iboas-These are the spirits that lurk around and originally believed as good, helpful and
generous spirits. They usually appear during wakes and a woman attending the wake usually calls
them to join. However, more and more people no longer believe in the Iboas as they are now seen
as being evil and feared.
6. Maglalawa-This is the Tinguian’s concept of life after death.

TOURIST SPOTS IN ABRA

1. Kaparkan Falls -Kaparkan Falls in Tineg, a stunning tiered waterfall that cascades down a
series of natural terraces. the “Little Batad” because of its rice terraces-like appearance.
These cascading terraces are a result of volcanic activity and centuries of erosion.
2. Don Mariano Marcos Bridge- Marvel at the Don Mariano Marcos Bridge, the third-longest
bridge in the Philippines, connecting the towns of Tayum and Lagangilang. The Don
Mariano Marcos Bridge, often called “Banaoang Bridge,” is a modern marvel of engineering
that spans the Abra River. The cable-stayed design of the bridge adds a touch of architectural
elegance to the provincial landscape. Visitors can take leisurely strolls across the bridge to
enjoy the picturesque surroundings and the serene flow of the Abra River below.
3. Tangadan Tunnel- Explore the historical Tangadan Tunnel in San Quintin, a relic from
World War II. This man-made tunnel served as a strategic hideout for Japanese soldiers and
offers a glimpse into the region's wartime past. Tangadan Tunnel is a historical landmark,
originally built as part of the Abra-Ilocos Sur road. Its construction is a testament to Abra’s
commitment to infrastructure development. The tunnel’s entrance, with its unique
architecture, beckons visitors to explore its intriguing interior, where the echoes of the past
still resonate.
4. Gabriela Silang Monument - The Gabriela Silang Monument in Pidigan, dedicated to the
fearless heroine who led a revolt against Spanish colonizers in the 18th century. The

monument is a testament to the bravery and resilience of the Ilocano people. The Gabriela
Silang Monument in Bangued commemorates the life and legacy of the Filipina
revolutionary leader Gabriela Silang. The monument stands tall, a bronze representation of
her courage and defiance against colonial rule. It’s a place where history and symbolism
come together, offering visitors a chance to pay their respects to a remarkable figure in
Philippine history.
5. Gabriela Carino-Silang Gallery of Fine Arts- Also worth a peak in Tayum is the former
headquarters of Gabriela Silang. a private museum owned by the Cariño family that houses
collections of retired Philippine Ambassador Rosario V. Carino. Located: Kalinga Rd,
Tayum, Abra.
6. Abualan Cave- Situated in Peñarrubia, is a hidden gem for spelunking enthusiasts. The cave
system is adorned with stunning stalactites and stalagmites that have formed over centuries.
Exploring its chambers reveals an underground world filled with breathtaking geological
formations, making it a thrilling destination for adventure seekers.
7. Manambor Falls-The falls measures around 30 feet high. Its waters carved a beautiful pool,
fit for swimming and cliff jumping.They say that there is a kingdom underneath the pool of
the falls. For that, they say that the kingdom is responsible for the drum-like sound of the
waterfall.
8. Tayum Church & Heritage Houses- Santa Catalina de Alejandria Parish Church found
within the town proper of Tayum is the most impressive Spanish-colonial church in Abra.
This 19th-century Baroque church was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National
Museum

of the Philippines. Nearby, you can also find many surviving ancestral houses built in Bahay
Na Bato style. Located: Kalinga Rd, Tayum, Abra
 9. Bangued Cathedral- Admire the beautiful architecture of Bangued Cathedral, also known
as St. James the Elder Cathedral. This religious site, built during the Spanish colonial era, is
a significant landmark in Abra's capital. A trip to Abra starts in Bangued, the capital town of
the province. Go to the view deck of Victoria Park at Cassamata Hill National Park to get a
bird’s eye view of Abra’s plains, mighty rivers, and mountain peaks.
10. Abra River - The tranquility of the Abra River, one of the largest river systems in the
country. The river is a vital resource for the province, supporting agriculture, fishing, and
transportation, and offers various recreational opportunities such as boating and river
trekking.
11. Kili Falls and Hot Spring- The Kili Falls and Hot Spring in Tubo, a rejuvenating oasis
hidden within the lush forest. The site features a waterfall and natural hot spring pools,
perfect for relaxation and healing.
12. . Piwek Rock Formation - Piwek Rock Formation in Licuan-Baay, a striking geological
wonder that towers over the surrounding landscape. The site is perfect for photography
enthusiasts and offers an unforgettable off-the-beaten-path experience.
13. Libtec Underground River -The Libtec Underground River in Dolores, a subterranean
wonder that boasts impressive rock formations, crystal-clear waters, and a thriving
ecosystem. Guided tours are available for a safe and enjoyable experience.
14. Apao Rolling Hills- Situated in Tineg, Abra, offers a breathtaking view of Abra’s vast and
undulating landscape. The best time to visit this Abra tourist spots is during sunrise or sunset
when the hills are bathed in warm, golden hues. It’s a popular spot for photography
enthusiasts and nature lovers, and you can hike to the top of the hills for a panoramic view
that extends as far as the eye can see.
15. Lusuac Springs- Situated in Lagangilang, is a pristine natural spring renowned for its clear,
cold waters. The area around the spring is lush with native vegetation, providing an ideal
spot for picnics and relaxation.
16. Tagpew/Tagpao Falls- A 120 meters falls found on the thick pine forest of sitio Dataan
(former community of Tubo), part of Tabacda with an elevation of 1,000- 2,000 metars
above sea level. -A 3- 5 hours trek from sitio Batayan, Alangtin, Tubo, Abra through steep
slopes pine forest ranging from 800- 2,000 MASL.
17. LUBA FOOTBRIDGE- The Sabnangan Footbridge is a marvel of engineering that spans
the Abra River in the municipality of Luba, Abra, Philippines. -They say that this is the
longest foot bridge in the Philippines

FESTIVAL
1. Dapil Festival
Dapil is derived from the word “Panagdapil”, the traditional method of extracting juice from
sugarcane. Sugarcane is one of Abra’s main agricultural products. “Basi” or wine, vinegar,
molasses, and muscovado are some of the by-products of sugarcane.

-It is celebrated from February 20-23, 2018.

-CandidateCandidate1 Dapil Festival 2018 is a four-day celebration of the culture and tradition of
the people of Bangued. The festival features trade fair and a food bazaar, search for Mr. & Ms.
Bangued, street dancing and ground demonstration competition, and parades.
2. Kawayan Festival
-Kawayan festival means Bamboo Festival. It is the fiesta celebration of the provincial
government of Abra.
- Abra is located at northern part of the Philippines. Abrenians tagged their fiesta as Kawayan
Festival because of abundancy of bamboo’s in their region.
3. Arya Abra Festival
-Arya Abra Festival- Arya! Abra Festival, is a week-long celebration that coincides with the
founding anniversary of the Province of Abra, held yearly from March 6-10
-. Arya Abra Festival is a celebration of the province of Abra’s individuality. It is a week-long
celebration that showcases various sectors/groups in the province. Each day is offered to a
particular group of persons as a way of honoring them for what they have done for the province
of Abra.
- The cultural festival “Arya Abra” has become a traditional yearly festival which is aimed not
only for outsiders but also the natives of Abra. The Arya Abra festivity is a week-long great
exercise, not just for attracting tourists but also to enlighten all Abreños to take pride in the
heritage and rich culture of their province.
4. Tingguian Festival
-Tingguian Festival features rich and colorful dances, rituals and songs of the Tingguian tribe.