INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

LESSON 2

OBJECTIVE:
Discuss how the ideas proposed by Copernicus, Darwin,
and Freud added to inspire the advancement of the
scientific revolution
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
 Greek speculation about “nature”
 Known as “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological”
or “first philosophy”

THREE characteristics of this philosophy

 Th e w o r l d i s a n a t u ra l wh o le
 Th e re i s n a t u r a l ‘o rd e r’
 H u ma n s c a n ‘ d i s c o v e r’ t h o s e l a ws
CREATIVITY
SCIENTIST
SCIENTIFIC
PASSION TO KNOW KNOWLEDGE
PASSION TO
DISCOVER SCIENTIFIC
CURIOSITY
EAGERNESS TO DISCOVERIES
SHARE AND PRACTICES
TECHNOLOGY
CRITICAL
THINKING
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

FRE FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  SIGMUND FREUD

 NICOLAUS
CO COPERNICAN REVOLUTION COPERNICUS
D DARWINIAN REVOLUTION  C H A R L E S D A RW I N
 Many Greek philosophers and
intellectuals wrote about planets in an
attempt to explain the movement of
Heavenly bodies like stars, moons and
planets, and what are their effects on
the world as they know it.
 Many of these philosophers agreed that
planets moves around in circular motion.
 Claudius Ptolemy stated that planets, as
well as the sun, and the moon, moved in
circular motion around the earth.
(Geocentrism)
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
 Astronomer and mathematician
 Adopted the “heliocentric model”
 Published an essay “On the
Revolution of the Heavenly
Spheres”
 One of the renaissance men
in science is Nicolaus Copernicus.
A polish mathematician He was influenced by the
and astronomer. book of “Epitome”
published by a German,
Upon finishing doctorate Johannes Mueller in 1946,
degree, he was appointed containing observations of
as “canon” at Frombork the heavens and some
Cathedral in Poland. commentary on earlier
works especially that of
Ptolemy.
 In 1500s, he
disseminated a
summary of his
works in a
manuscript called
“Commentariolus”
(Little Commentary)
 The publication of his book
De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the revolutions
of the Heavenly Spheres)
He presented a model of the universe in
which everything moved around a particular
center at consistent rate, placing the sun to
be the centerpiece of the universe while all
planets are orbiting the sun every year.
 HELIOCENTRIC MODEL/
COPERNICAN MODEL
Heliocentric
In hisModel\
model, Copernicus outlined
two kinds of planetary motion:
• The orbits of Venus and
Mercury lay inside the orbit of
the Earth, thus, closer to the
Sun.
• The orbits of Mars, Saturn and
Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s
orbit, thus, farther from the
Sun.
 HELIOCENTRIC vs. GEOCENTRIC
Heliocentric
Model\
 Heliocentric
The Model\
Copernican model led to a furious debate as to whether the
earth was at rest, culminating in Galileo’s trial for heresy in 1633
for advocating the Copernican model, and for thinking “that one
may hold and defend as probable an opinion after it has been
declared and defined contrary to the Holy Scripture.”
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

CHARLES
DARWIN
 Theory of Evolution
 Pr o p o s e d t h e “ n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n ”
 A genius who came from a line of
intellectually gifted and wealthy family. Johnson (2012)
Darwin’s life soon In 1859, Darwin published
transformed when he decided his book THE ORIGIN OF
to join a five-year expedition SPECIES, which is
through HMS Beagle on the considered the most
Islands of Galapagos. important work in scientific
He made major literature. His book
contributions on presented pieces of
evolutionary biology and evidence on how species
philosophy of science. evolved over time.
 The Darwinian Revolution
was considered to be one
of the most controversial
intellectual revolutions
of its time.
 He stated that organisms have the ability to
adapt to their environment and would
gradually change into something that would
be more competitive to survive, a process
known as EVOLUTION.
 NATURAL
SELECTION
THEORY
 The process whereby
organisms better adapted
to their environment
tend to survive and
produce more offspring.
 “Survival of the Fittest”
FACTORS OF NATURAL SELECTION

V VARIATION
O OVERPRODUCTION
S SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
H HERITABILITY
 VARIATION

 Those organisms with

heritable traits better
suited to the
environment will reach
maturity and survive.
OVERPRODUCTION

 More organisms are

produced that can
actually survive.
 SURVIVAL OF THE
FITTEST
 According to Charles
Darwin, “It is not the
strongest of the species
that survives, nor the
most intelligent, but the
one most responsive to
change”.
 HERITABILITY

 Changes in the organisms

brought by the
environment will be
inherited by their
offspring.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SIGMUND
FREUD
 “Father of “Psychonalysis”
 ID, Ego, Superego
 He made a significant contribution in the scientific
world through the development of an important
observational method to gather reliable data to
study human’s inner life. This method is popularly
known as the method of psychoanalysis. It is a
scientific way to study the human.
THE ID, EGO, AND SUPEREGO

 Later, Freud proposed a

more structured model of
the mind that better depicted
his original ideas about
conscious and unconscious
processes
ID  The id operates at an unconscious level
as the motor of our two main instinctual
drives: Eros, or the survival instinct that
drives us to engage in life-sustaining
activities, and Thanatos, or the death
instinct that drives destructive,
aggressive, and violent behavior.
EGO  The ego acts as a filter for the id that
works as both a conduit for and check on
our unconscious drives. The ego ensures
our needs are met in a socially
appropriate way. It is oriented to
navigating reality and begins to develop
in infancy.
SUPEREGO  The superego is the term Freud gives to
“conscience” where morality and higher
principles reside, encouraging us to act in
socially and morally acceptable ways
 ID SUPEREGO

It’s not right

I want it now! to do that
now!

PLEASURE MORAL

Maybe we can
comprise
REALITY
EGO