INTELLECTUAL

REVOLUTIONS
AND SOCIETY
INTELLECTUAL
“REVOLUTIONS”
•  Refers to the series of events that led to the emergence of
modern science and the progress of scientific thinking
across critical periods of time.
•  “REVOLUTIONS”
 a forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favor of a
new system

•  It means that these are paradigm shifts.

INTELLECTUAL
“REVOLUTIONS”
•  They resulted from a renewed and enlightened
understanding of how the universe behaves and functions.
•  It challenged long-held views about the nature of universe.
•  Thus, it caused controversies and faced huge resistance.
Darwinian
Revolution

Freudian
Revolution
Copernica
n
Revolution
COPERNICAN

REVOLUTION
•  Polish mathematician and
astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus
•  16th century
•  “Heliocentric Model” of the
universe.
•  I n s t e a d o f E a r t h , h e
repositioned the Sun to be the
center of the solar system.
 COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
•  Copernicus introduced the model in his paper Commentariolus
(40-page outline) and formalized it in his publication of his
treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ( The
Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543.
•  This model challenged
the geocentric model
of Ptolemy (Ptolemaic
Model) believing that
the Earth was the
center of the universe.
•  His model has met
huge resistance
primarily from the
Church.
COPERNICAN

REVOLUTION
•  It is in conflict with the idea
of the Earth, and, by
extension, man is the center
of all creation.
•  The model also has some
shortcomings during that
time.
•  With this, Copernicus was
accused of heresy and
even faced persecution
from the Church.
 COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
•  Despite the problems with the model and persecution of the
Church, it was soon adapted by other scientist of the time,
most profoundly by Galileo Galilei.
•  This marked the beginning of modern astronomy.
•  It served as a catalyst to sway
scientific thinking away from age-
long views about the position of the
Earth relative to an enlightened
understanding of the universe.
DARWINIAN

REVOLUTION
•  English naturalist, geologist,
and biologist Charles Darwin.
•  Mid 19th century.
•  Natural Selection
•  An evolutionary process by which organisms,
even humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits
that favored survival and reproduction. These
traits are manifested in offspring that are more
fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival
and reproduction.
•  He published this idea on his paper,
Origin of Species, in 1859.
DARWINIAN

REVOLUTION
•  His theory of evolution was
accused of:
•  Short in accounting for the broad
and complex evolutionary
process.
•  Dismissive on the idea that
functional design of organisms
was manifestation of an
omniscient God.
•  Nevertheless, the place of
Darwinian Revolution in
modern science cannot be
underestimated.
DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
•  The development of organisms and the origin of unique
forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by a lawful
system or an orderly process of change underpinned by
laws of nature.
FREUDIAN

REVOLUTION
•  Austrian neurologist Sigmund
Freud
•  20th century
•  Psychoanalysis
•  A s c i e n t i f i c m e t h o d o f
understanding inner and
unconscious conflicts
embedded within one’s
personality, springing from free
associations, dreams, and
fantasies of the individual.
FREUDIAN

REVOLUTION
•  I t i n s t a n t l y s h o t i n t o
controversy for it emphasized
the existence of the
unconscious where feelings,
thoughts, urges, emotions,
and memories are contained
outside of one’s conscious
mind.
•  He suggested that humans
are inherently pleasure-
seeking individuals.
FREUDIAN

REVOLUTION
•  Psychoanalytic concepts of
psychosexual development,
libido and ego received mixed
reactions.
•  Many scholars debated on
whether his concept fit in the
scientific study of the brain
and mind.
•  It lacks vitality and bordering
on being unscientific as a
theory.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
•  The notion that all human are destined to exhibit Oedipus
and Electra complexes did not seem to be supported by
empirical data.
•  It was considered to be more on an ideological stance
than a scientific one.
FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
•  Amidst controversy, Freud’s psychoanalysis is widely
credited for dominating psychotherapeutic practices in the
early 20th century.
•  Psychodynamic therapies that treat countless of
psychological disorders still based on Freud’s work.
Ac%vity
(Group Ac*vity)
•  Freud was famous for his interpreta*on of dreams.
In this ac*vity, you share about one of your recent
dreams and then describe it to your group and
interpret what each dream meant.

(Individual- to be uploaded in blackboard)
•  Would our lives be beCer or worse if we didn't
dream at all? Why? (explain in 100 – 200 words)