Hypothesis Testing

Statistics and Probability

Hypothesis
Is an intellectual guess about a population parameter
that may or may not be true.
Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis testing is a form of statistical inference that uses
data from a sample to draw conclusions about a population
parameter or a population probability distribution.
• Mostly used in experimental and correlational research
Two Types of Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis
• Alternative Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
• Is a statistical hypothesis that states that “there is NO”
statistical difference, relationship or significance
between a parameter and a particular value
 Alternative Hypothesis ()
• Is a statistical hypothesis that states that “there
is A” statistical difference, relationship or
significance between a parameter and a
particular value
To illustrate, let us consider the parameter population mean (

The equation simply tells us that the population mean, and the sample mean has NO
difference, relationship or significance.

On the other hand, we have several options to state our Alternative Hypothesis,

The equation simply tells us that the population mean, and the sample mean has A
difference, relationship or significance.
A researcher thinks that if knee surgery patients go to physical therapy twice(2) a
week (instead of 3 times), their recovery period will be longer. Average recovery
times for knee surgery patients is 8.2 weeks.

Null Hypothesis: The researcher believes the average recovery is equal to 8.2 weeks.

Alternative Hypothesis: The researcher believes the average recovery time is more
than to 8.2 weeks.
Test of
Statistical
Hypothesis
Left-Tailed

•
Right-Tailed

•
Two-Tailed

•
Level of Significance
• The significance level, also known as alpha or α, is a measure
of the strength of the evidence that must be present in your
sample before you will reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that the effect is statistically significant.
• The significance level, also denoted as alpha or α, is the
probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
For example, a significance level of 0.05 indicates a 5% risk of
concluding that a difference exists when there is no actual
difference
 Critical Values
Level of
Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test

0.10

0.05

0.01
 Accepting or
Rejecting the Null
Hypothesis
 Types of Test
Z-test T-test

•, •,
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
• State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
• Identify the Level of Significance
• Solve for the Z-test or T-test
• Illustrate the Curve
• Conclusion
Example#1
• A random sample of 12 babies born in charity ward of Cee Family
Hospital was taken with their weights (in kg.) recorded as follows:

2.3, 2.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.5, 2.8, 2.4, 2.7, 2.3, 2.2, 3.0

Assuming that this sample came from a normal population,

investigate the claim that the mean weight is greater than 2.5kg.
The population standard deviation is 0.2kg Use the level of
significance
Step 1:
State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Step 2:
Identify the Level of
Significance
Step 3:
Solve for the Z-test or T-test

n = 12
= 0.2
= 2.5
=
 Level of
Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test

0.10

0.05

0.01
Step 4:
Illustrate the Curve

Critical Region

0.1438 1.645
Step 5:
Conclusion

• To interpret the results, we say that at 5% level of

significance, there is not enough evidence to support
the claim that the mean weight of the babies in
charity ward of Cee Family Hospital is greater than
2.5kg.
Example 2:
• The Nexus Company has developed a new battery.
The engineering department of the company claims
that each battery lasts for 200 minutes. In order to
test this claim, the company selects a random sample
of 100 new batteries so that this sample has a mean
of 190 minutes with a standard deviation of 30
minutes. Test the engineering department’s claim that
the new batteries run with an average of 200 minutes.
Use a 0.01 level of significance
Step 1:
State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Step 2:
Identify the Level of
Significance
Step 3:
Solve for the Z-test or T-test

n = 100
= 30
= 200
=
 Level of
Significance One-tailed Test Two-tailed Test

0.10

0.05

0.01
Step 4:
Illustrate the Curve

Critical Region Critical Region

-3.33 -2.575 2.575

Step 5:
Conclusion

• To interpret the results, we say that at 1% level of

significance, there is enough evidence to accept the
claim that the mean number of minutes that the new
batteries is not equal to 200 minutes.