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Analog To Digital Converter
Analog To Digital Converter
-
An Overview
J. G. Pett
Parameters
+/-10v
The Real World
time
A C
D
B
For a DAC
output waveform is a ‘distorted’ version of original
higher frequencies not reproduced - aliasing ?
‘average shape’ displaced in time
‘sharp’ edges need filtering
For an ADC
converter sampling errors
with a ‘sample & hold’ circuit ahead of the converter?
integrating action during part, or all of the sample-time
?
conversion time
data ‘available’ delay
aliasing - [ is multiplication of input spectrum and fs]
…[must ‘remove’ all spectrum > fs/2 before
sampling]
Sampling rate
1969 1973
ISR Beam-Transfer DAC ISR Main Bends DAC
[5 decimal decades] [16bit binary
1989
LEP 16bit Hybrid DAC
Understanding Conversion
Methods
AD/DA Methods
Charge balance,
Some very simple ideas
‘Digitally set’
Comparator
potentiometer
DAC ADC
Vref
dial Unknown
voltage
Vdac equal
=
ADC =
precise reference voltage
comparison of divider value with unknown [analog input]
“digitally adjustable” divider or potentiometer [output value]
DAC =
precise reference voltage ……. {multiplying dac}
“digitally adjustable” divider or potentiometer [input value]
optional output amplifier of pot. value [analog output]
DAC circuits (1)
8.75V
9.375
max.
PWM, F>V
Sigma-Delta
Unknown
analog
input
WHY -
slow
variable time to give result
input signal can vary during digitising
Fast process - 1 -
100µsecs
Vref
Half-Flash
analog
input
analog
The fastest process <50nsecs input
Limited resolution typically 8 -
10bits
Half-flash technique is cheaper
Sample & Hold Circuit (1)
LF398