SEM-3

2020-21 CONSTRUCTION & MATERIAL-B

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC LUCKNOW
Dampness a common problem in buildings.

It refers to access and penetration of moisture content

into buildings through its walls,
floors, roof etc.

It is important to take measures to prevent dampness.

Such measures is called damp proofing.

Water proofing is a treatment of the surface or structure in a building to

prevent leakage.
 Moisture from ground:-The materials used for the foundation and floors absorb
moisture from the soil and it rises up the surface of the building,

 Splashing of rain:-When rain splashes on external walls dampness may enter the
interior.

 Exposed top wall:-dampness enters from the top if the tops of parapet walls are not
given sufficient damp proofing course.

 Condensation: dampness is caused due to condensation of atmospheric moisture,

deposited on walls and ceilings.

 Construction defects:- Improper planning,

lack of proper slope in roof, defective pipe fittings,
improperly sealed construction joints
are constructive defects.
 Ugly patches on walls and ceilings.
 Plaster softens and crumbles.

 Materials used for wall decorations are damaged.

 Stones ,bricks and tiles disintegrate due to efflorescence.

 Floor finish may be damaged

 Woodworks decays due to dry rot.

 Metal components of building corrodes.

 Electrical fittings are damaged,

 Dampness leads to

breeding of mosquitoes, growth of termites and germs

carrying
diseases such as tuberculosis,
it also aggravates asthma.
Requirements of ideal materials for damp
proofing
They :- be :-
should
impervious.
Durable
Capable of bearing the load
Dimensionally stable
Flexible
Free from sulphates, chlorides and nitrates.
inexpensive
 Hot bitumen :-hot bitumen,3mm thick may be applied on
bedding of mortar or concrete.

 Mastic asphalt:-semi rigid material obtained by heating asphalt

with sand and mineral fillers. It is laid on mortar or concrete
bed.
 Bituminous felt:-flexible material available in rolls. It is laid on
flat mortar finished surfaces.

 Metal sheets:-sheets of lead, copper and aluminum may be

used membranes in damp proofing. Lead is the most ideally
suited material.
 Combination of sheets and felts:-economical and drable damp
proofing sheet is obtained by sandwiching a lead sheet and
bituminous felt.

 plastic sheets:-a relatively cheap method of damp proofing is by

laying 0.5-1.0mm thick plastic sheets made of black polythene.
This is not a permanent method.

 Bricks:-quality bricks absorbing water less than 4.5% of their

weight may be used for damp proofing. These bricks are laid in 2-
4 courses in cement mortar.

 Mortar:-cement mortar in the ratio 1:3 is used for bedding layers

over damp proofing course. It may be mixed with slaked lime to
improve its workability.

 Cement concrete course:-a cement concrete course of proportion

1:2:4 and thickness 75-150mm is laid on masonry at plinth level.
General principles to be followed in damp
proofing are:-
 Mortar bed prepared to receive damp-proof course should be leveled.
 The horizontal damp proofing course should cover the full width of wall excluding
rendering.
 If sheets or mastic asphalt are used, the gap should not be less than 100mm at any
point.
 At joints and corners. Damp proof course should be continuous.
 Damp proofing course should not be kept exposed on the wall surface.
 At vertical and horizontal junctions, damp proof courses should be continuous and
a cement mortar fillet of about 75mm should cover joints.
Different types of treatments are used for preventing dampness in
diff parts of the building:-

 Foundations:-this is method of protecting foundations of

outer walls. An air drain is constructed parallel to the
wall.
The drain is covered with
RCC slab, and gratings are provided at regular intervals,
horizontal and vertical damp proof courses are also
provided.
 Treatment for floors:-
if there is no damp soil, a layer of coarse sand,75-100mm
thick is provided over entire area under the flooring. Then
1:4:8 concrete of 100mm thickness is laid. This layer serves
as DPC. the usual flooring is provided over this,
If soil is wet, a membrane DPC is provided over the floor
area, over
which
a layer of flat bricks
is laid.
The usual flooring is then provided.
 Treatment for walls:

 the plinth level should preferably be 450mm above ground

level.DPC should be provided over a concrete bed of thickness
100-200mm.the top of the parapet should be provided with
capping over the DPC. the wall also needs DPC at the edge of
the roof slab.
 Providing foundation drains and DPC:-
to release hydrostatic pressure,trenches are made all around the
building and filled with gravels etc. such trenches may also be
required in buildings if the water table is at a higher level. The
trenches lead the water to a catchl drain.Horizonta
and
vertical DPCs are provided in
the walls and foundation .
concrete
 Providing RCC raft and wall slab:-
 if the water pressure is high, providing a drainage system will not solve the problem effectively. In such
cases the floor slab and wall may be prepared right through the RCC structure and DPC is applied on it.
 Asphalt
tanking:- also known as membrane waterproofing.
Construction of horizontal layers :a leveled
course of mass concrete is laid for the flooring
area ,over which a 30 mm thick DPC in form
of asphaltic layer is provided a protective layer
of cement screed, concrete or a layer of brick
work is
laid over the asphaltic
layer, after which the
flooring is prepared.
 construction of vertical
face:-
A vertical DPC is provided on the external face
of the wall. The DPC consist of an asphalt layer of about 20mm
built in three coats. This is then protected with a wall of ½ brick
thickness.
 Lime concrete terracing:-
The RCC roof is cleaned thoroughly and a
bitumen primer is applied ,3 coats of hot blown asphalt is then applied over which a
specially prepared lime concrete bed of 100mmthickness is provided. The surface of
bedding is covered with flat tiles. a convex corner
joint is made at the junction
with the parapet wall.
 Membrane water
proofing:-
 water proofing membrane may be prepared with mastic asphalt or plastic sheet. It is
provided in a number of layers from 2-7.in this method a layer of hot mastic asphalt is
applied on the clean roof surface. This is covered by jute cloth and another layer of
mastic asphalt is laid.
In case of plastic membranes, hot coating is applied with blown bitumen between each
layer. The top is usually finished with a course of flat tiles.
At the junction is properly sealed with the parapet. The membrane should extend up to
parapet or lead sheets should be inserted.
Water proofing compounds may be grouped to 2:-
 Waterproofing admixtures:-these admixtures are in powder or liquid form. About
2% of powders are mixed while making cement mortar. when the finishing coat of
mortar is provided, these compounds seal the pores in the slab and make
them watertight.
 Waterproofing membrane system:-these materials
are available in the form of paints, they may epoxy
or elastomeric and may be applied to roof slabs with
rollers ,brush or spray. a minimum of 2 coats are
applied to get desired waterproofing.
 Sloped RCC roofs are provided with tiles for purpose
of weather proofing. It is
preferable to use flat tiles fixed to roof.
If Mangalore tiles are used care should be taken.
continuous motor bands should not be provided as
reapers because in case rainwater entering through
broken tiles stagnates on the mortar bands, leakage will
occur. Hence mortar bands supporting Mangalore tiles
should be discontinuous. before laying the tiles, the
possible leakage points should be checked and
identified.