ENZYMES

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 CONTENTS
•
WHAT ARE ENZYMES

•
TYPES OF ENZYMES

•
PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES

•
MECHANISMS OF ENZYMES REACTION

•
FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF ENZYME ACTION

•
ENZYME INHIBITION & ENZYME COFACTORS
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 WHAT ARE ENZYMES

Organic catalysts which speed up the
rate of chemical reactions in organisms.

Not changed or altered during reaction.

Discovered - German Chemist Eduard
Buchner

Towards the end of nineteenth century.
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 TYPES OF ENZYMES
INTRACELLULAR - INSIDE THE CELL WHERE
THEY CONTROL METABOLISM
EXTRA-CELLULAR – PRODUCED BY CELLS BUT
ACHIEVE THEIR EFFECTS OUTSIDE THE CELL eg:
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN FOOD
IN THE GUT.
NAMED BY ATTACHING THE SUFFIX –ASE TO THE
NAME OF THE SUBSTRATE IT ACTS ON.
GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF
REACTION THEY CATALYSE 4
 NAMING OF ENZYMES
NAME OF ENZYME TYPE OF SUBSTRATE

MALTASE MALTOSE

LIPASE LIPIDS

UREASE UREA

PROTEASES (PEPSIN AND PROTEIN

TRYPSIN)
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 CLASSIFICATION OF
ENZYMES
CLASS OF ENZYMES TYPE OF REACTION CATALYSED

TRANSFERASES TRANSFER OF ATOMS, OR GROUPS OF

ATOMS FROM ONE MOLECULE TO
ANOTHER eg: HYDROGEN ATOM,
PHOSPHATE GROUP OR AMINO GROUP
DEHYDROGENASES REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN ATOM FROM A
SUBSTRATE
OXIDASES ADDITION OF OXYGEN TO HYDROGEN

PHOSPHOKINASES ADDITION OF PHOSPHATE GROUPS TO A

COMPOUND
ISOMERASES TRANSFER OF ATOMS FROM ONE PART
OF A MOLECULE TO ANOTHER
DEHYDRASES REMOVES WATER
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DECARBOXYLASES - REMOVES CARBOXYL (COOH) GROUPS

 PROPERTIES OF
ENZYMES
1) THEY GENERALLY WORK VERY RAPIDLY
2)NOT DESTROYED BY THE REACTIONS
THEY CATALYSE
3) CAN WORK IN EITHER DIRECTION
4) ENZYMES ARE INACTIVATED BY
EXCESSIVE HEAT
5) ENZYMES ARE SENSITIVE TO pH
6) ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC
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 MECHANISMS OF
ENZYME REACTION

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

EXPLAINED BY LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS

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 ENZYME-SUBSTRATE
COMPLEX

ENZYME + SUBSTRATE MOLECULES ---reversible-----

ENZYMESUBSTRATE COMPLEX -----reversible----

ENZYME

PRODUCT COMPLEX ----reversible---- ENZYME + PRODUCT

MOLECULE
LOCK AND KEY HYPOTHESIS
TO EXPLAIN ENZYME ACTION
 FACTORS AFFECTING
RATES OF ENZYME ACTION

TEMPERATURE


pH


CONCENTRATION OF SUBSTRATE


CONCENTRATION OF ENZYMES

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 ENZYME INHIBITORS

CERTAIN SUBSTANCES INHIBIT ENZYMES


THEREBY SLOWING DOWN OR


STOPPING ENZYME-CONTROLLED REACTIONS


THEY ARE CALLED ENZYME INHIBITORS
 TYPES OF INHIBITION


COMPETITIVE INHIBITION


NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION
INHIBITION OF ENZYME
ACTIVITY ILLUSTRATED
 ENZYME COFACTORS


SOME ENZYMES ONLY WORK IN THE PRESENCE OF A COFACTOR


INSOME CASES, THIS IS A METAL ION SUCH AS ZINC, IRON OR
COPPER.


THE METAL ION MAY BIND THE ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE
TOGETHER OR IT MAY SERVE AS THE CATALYTIC CENTRE OF THE
ENZYME ITSELF.


EG: IRON (Fe2+) IS A COFACTOR RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
CATALYTIC ACTION OF CATALASE (SPEEDS UP THE
DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TO OXYGEN AND
WATER)


COENZYMES (EG: NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD)
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
PROSTHETIC GROUP. (EG: CYTOCHROME OXIDASE).
 CONCLUSION
ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS.

THEY SPEED UP METABOLIC REACTIONS IN

THE CELL

THEY REMAIN UNCHANGED AFTER EVERY

REACTION.
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