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4-2
DESIGN OF QUALITY
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Break down production process into subprocesses and identify internal customers.
Identify critical control points where inspection or measurement should take place.
Use operator inspection when possible, placing responsibility for quality on workers.
DESIGNING QUALITY
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Identify critical points for inspection and testing
• Incoming materials & services
• Work in process
• Finished product or service
Attributes measurement
Product/service characteristic evaluated with a discrete choice:
Good/bad, pass/fail, count of defects
PROCESS QUALITY CONTROL
Principles of Process Control:
Every process has random variation.
Production processes are not usually in a state of control.
© WILEY 2010 9
PHÂN TÍCH QUÁ TRÌNH SẢN XUẤT
- LƯU ĐỒ (PROCESS MAPPING)-
Quá trình cung cấp bánh sandwich
Dự trữ NVL Làm bánh Dự trữ bánh Vận chuyển Dự trữ bánh Bán bánh Thu tiền
ra cửa hàng
Quá trình cung cấp bánh sandwich phù hợp với nhu cầu của từng khách hàng (cũ)
Dự trữ NVL Làm bánh Thu tiền Khách hàng
Làm toàn
bộ bánh
Khách hàng
Quá trình cung cấp bánh sandwich phù hợp với nhu cầu của từng khách hàng (mới)
Sử dụng bánh N Thu tiền
Dự trữ NVL Làm bánh sandwich? NVL
Dự trữ bánh
Khách hàng Y
CHECKLIST
Simple data check-off sheet designed to identify type of
quality problems at each work station; per shift, per
machine, per operator
© WILEY 2010 11
HISTOGRAMS
A chart that shows the frequency distribution of observed values of a
variable like service time
at a bank drive-up window
© WILEY 2010 12
PARETO ANALYSIS
Technique that displays the degree of importance for each element
Named after the 19th century Italian economist; often called the 80-20
Rule
Principle is that quality problems are the result of only a few problems
e.g. 80% of the problems caused by 20% of causes
© WILEY 2010 13
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT DIAGRAMS
Called Fishbone Diagram
Focused on solving identified quality problem
© WILEY 2010 14
SEVEN TOOLS OF QUALITY
CONTROL
A battery manufacturer in NW Ohio in 6
weeks, using only the 7 tools of quality,
decreased defectives from 7.2 per 100 to
2.6 per 100.
PARETO ANALYSIS
# of P re ce nt Cumula tive
De fe ct Ite ms De fe ctive s De fe ctive P e rce nta ge
Loos e conne ctions 193 46.8% 46.8%
Cra cke d conne ctors 131 31.8% 78.6%
Fitting burrs 47 11.4% 90.0%
Imprope r torque 25 6.1% 96.1%
O-rings mis s ing 16 3.9% 100.0%
Tota l 412 100.0%
100.0%
200
80.0%
# of Defectives
150
Percentage
60.0%
100
40.0%
50
20.0%
0 0.0%
Loose Cracked Fitting burrs Improper torque O-rings missing
connections connectors
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT (FISHBONE,
ISHIKAWA) DIAGRAM
(FIGURE 9.7)
M aterial
connectors
W orkers S m all S ize
Large
Content
Nuts
Training S ize
F atigue
K now ledge Hose
S urface defect Loose
connections
M easurem ent
E xperience
M easuring
E rrors Torque
tools
W ear
Judgm ent Inspector
Adjustm ent
Training A ir pressure
Inspection
Tools
SCATTER DIAGRAMS
A graph that shows how two variables are related to one
another
Data can be used in a regression analysis to establish
equation for the relationship
© WILEY 2010 19
CONTROL CHARTS
Important tool used in Statistical Process Control – Chapter 6
The UCL and LCL are calculated limits used to show when process is
in or out of control
© WILEY 2010 20
QUALITY
y CONTROL CHART
Average + 3
standard Upper control limit (UCL)
deviations
Quality
measurement Center line (CL)
average
Average - 3
standard Lower control limit (LCL)
deviations
Time →
x
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
ON CONTROL CHART
UCL
Mean
LCL
Assignable
causes likely
1 2 3
Samples
CONTROL LIMITS -
APPLICATION
R-chart LCL D 3 R
Calculate center line = mean of sample ranges
Calculate upper and lower control limits
UCL D4 R
USING QUALITY CONTROL
CHARTS
If an observation (data point) is outside 3 and/or a pattern is
detected, the process is NOT in a state of control.
Very likely something is wrong.
Conclude an assignable cause of variation may exist.
Signal to take action to eliminate assignable cause:
Find it, understand its cause, fix it so it does not occur again!
CHÚ Ý KHI SỬ DỤNG BIỂU ĐỒ KIỂM SOÁT
CL
LCL
Khi xuất hiện xu hướng đi lên hoặc xuống từ 7÷9 điểm trở lên thì lập tức phải
có tác động
CHÚ Ý KHI SỬ DỤNG BIỂU ĐỒ KIỂM SOÁT
UWL= µ+2σ
LWL= µ-2σ
LCL= µ-3σ
2 điểm liền kề
CHÚ Ý KHI SỬ DỤNG BIỂU ĐỒ KIỂM SOÁT
d) Dạng nằm trong khoảng giới hạn 1.5σ và đường trung tâm
CHÚ Ý KHI SỬ DỤNG BIỂU ĐỒ KIỂM SOÁT
Process measure
Process measure
COMPUTATION OF CPK (FIGURE 9.4)
Frequency