Unit III- Statistical Quality

Control and
Process Capability
Statistical Process Control- Central Tendency, Normal curve, Control
Charts, Process Capability, Quality Function Development (QFD), TPM -
Concepts, improvement needs - Performance measures
 Statistical process control (SPC)
• Statistical process control (SPC) is defined as the use of statistical
techniques to control a process or production method. SPC tools
and procedures can help you monitor process behavior, discover
issues in internal systems, and find solutions for production
issues.
• Process capability. Process capability is defined as a statistical
measure of the inherent process variability of a given
characteristic. You can use a process-capability study to assess the
ability of a process to meet specifications.
• Process capability is defined as: “The level of uniformity of
product which a process is capable of producing”. From: Six Sigma
Quality for Business and Manufacture, 2002.
Normal Curve (Normal Distribution / Gaussian Distribution):
Definition: The normal curve is a bell-shaped symmetrical
probability distribution. In a normal distribution, data is
symmetrically distributed around the mean, and the majority of
observations cluster around the central value.
Characteristics: About 68% of the data falls within one standard
deviation of the mean, 95% within two standard deviations, and
99.7% within three standard deviations.
The normal curve is fully described by its mean and standard
deviation.
Application: Many natural phenomena and measurements in
various fields follow a normal distribution. It is crucial in statistical
analysis and hypothesis testing.
• Central Tendency:
• Definition: Central tendency refers to the measure of the center or
middle of a set of data points. It provides a single value that
represents the "typical" or "average" value in a dataset.
• Measures of Central Tendency:
• Mean (Average): The sum of all values divided by the number of
values.
• Median: The middle value in a sorted dataset.
• Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
• Application: Central tendency helps in summarizing and
understanding the central value around which the data points
tend to cluster.
• Control Charts:
• Definition: Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts or
process-behavior charts, are statistical tools used to monitor and
control processes over time. They help identify any deviations or
changes in a process that may indicate special causes of variation.
• Key Elements:
• Central Line (CL): Represents the mean or target value of the
process.
• Upper Control Limit (UCL) and Lower Control Limit (LCL): Bounds
that define the acceptable range of variation. Typically set at a
certain number of standard deviations from the mean.
• Data Points: Observations from the process plotted over time.
• Application: Control charts are widely used in quality control and
process improvement. They provide a visual indication of whether
a process is in a state of statistical control or if there are any trends
or shifts that require attention.
• Process Capability
• Process capability is a statistical measure that assesses the ability
of a process to produce output within specified limits or
specifications. It provides insights into the inherent variability of a
process and helps organizations understand the potential for
defects or errors. Process capability is a crucial concept in quality
management and is often used in conjunction with statistical
process control (SPC) techniques.
• Key components of process capability include:
• Upper Control Limit (UCL) and Lower Control Limit (LCL):
• The UCL and LCL represent the acceptable limits or specifications
for a particular process. These limits are typically set based on
customer requirements or product specifications.