Sci 10 - Biology - 2022

Science 10
Intro
Agenda
O Intro
O Ground Rules
O Accommodations
O Attendance
O Course Structure
O D2L
O Forms + Documentation
O Get to Know Me
Introduction
O Mr. Yuen
O Office: Rm. 225
O Email: payuen@cbe.ab.ca
O Tutorial Schedule:
O Mon/Wed/Thurs - 239; Tues - 204
Ground Rules
O Be respectful of everyone and be “decent human beings”.
O No discrimination
O Listen when anyone else is talking.
O Hands are important.
O There are no stupid questions.
O Digital Citizenship
O Seating
O No food or drink on lab days
O And COMMUNICATION
Ground Rules
O Keep in mind: O To be successful:
O Safety O Attend regularly
O Attend tutorial
O Planning O Be friends with D2L
O Recording O Be prepared for class -
agendas
O Analyzing O Complete all assignments
O Teamwork and on time
O Names on assignments
Collaboration O Ask questions
O Exam Review
O And…have fun!!!
Accomodations
Attendance
Course Outline
Course Structure
O YUEN SCIENCE 10 O Science at Churchill
O Biology O SCI 14 +24
O Chemistry O SCI 10
O Physics O SCI 20 + 30
O Climate O BIO 20 + 30
O CHEM 20 + 30
O 4 unit tests O PHYS 20 + 30
O Approx. 8-10 labs O IB
O 3 major projects
D2L
O Announcements
O Calendar + Due Dates
O Notes
O Answer Keys
Forms + Documentation
O Course Outline
O Lab Safety and Contact Lens (D2L submission)
O Academic Integrity - SWC
O Academic Integrity - Science
O Guiding Questions (on D2L)

FSW
Get to Know Me
INTRO TO PROCESS
SKILLS +WHMIS
Agenda
1. Attendance
2. Check on D2L
3. Accuracy + Precision
4. Prefixes, Significant Digits Intro, Rounding
Rules
5. WHMIS
Measurement
O Accuracy: how close a measurement comes
to the actual dimension or true value of what
ever is measured
O Precision: concerned with the reproducibility

of the measurement
O Note: the instrument used dictates the

accuracy and precision of the measurement
Significant Digits and Error
O The numerical value of every observed
measurement is an approximation, therefore
significant digits and error are part of the
measurement.
O Note: the instrument used dictates the number

of significant digits and error in an observed
value.
Analogue or Scale instruments can measure to an estimate of
tenths of the smallest increment of division, but the error in the
measurement is one half of the smallest increment
Example:
A metre stick divided by millimeter increments can be used to

measure to tenths of a millimetre, the final digit in the
measured value is a “guess” and the error in the measurement
in one half of a millimetre,
134.7 mm ± 0.5 mm
or 13.47 cm ± 0.05 cm
Equipment error
O What would be the length of the rectangle in the above

example?
O 8.77cm +/- 0.01 cm, does this seem reasonable?
O That is stating the measurement is somewhere between 8.76
cm - 8.78 cm
Electronic instruments measure to a specific degree of
accuracy, the error in the measurement
is defined by the instrument, usually one of the
smallest increments.
Example:
An electronic mass scale measures to hundredths of a

gram with an error specified by the manufacturer of
± 0.01 g, 68.52 g ± 0.01
Recording Measurements
Measured values are recorded in tables. Tables have:

1. borders
2. numbers and descriptive titles or
y vs. x titles
3. variable name, symbol and units
(in brackets) in the column subtitles
4. the manipulated variable values
appears in the first column, the
responding variable values appear in the
second column.
SHOW DOCUMENT WITH
TABLE EXAMPLE (IA)
Graphing or Figures
Includes the following:
1. Title – descriptive with numbered figure

2. Axes drawn, with dashes for
increments
3. Axes titled with variable name, symbol and, in
brackets, the units
4. Best fit line, straight or curved
5. Determination of slope and equation
for the line when appropriate,
slope = Δ y / Δ x and y = mx + b
6. ½ page minimum
SHOW EXAMPLE OF GRAPH
Rounding Rules
5 or higher round up.

i.e.: 5.469 g rounded to two significant digits is 5.5
g
Less than 5 round down.

i.e.: 6.8446 g rounded to two significant digits is 6.8
g
NOTE: Rounding should only occur for final

answers. Rounding during calculations introduces
error into the values and increases the error into the
final answer. Refer to the data to determine the
number of significant digits.
Prefixes for units are placed onto the front of the word or symbol for the
unit
exa 1019 E
peta 1015 P
tera 1012 T
giga 109 G
mega 106 M
kilo 103 k
centi 10-2 c
milli 10-3 m
micro 10-6 
nano 10-9 n
pico 10-12 p
femto 10-15 f
atto 10-18 a
Know nano through giga.

W.H.M.I.S.
W.H.M.I.S. stands for:

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
W.H.M.I.S. is a system of procedures and defined

symbols to inform individuals of possible hazards
when handling controlled products. Involves three
key elements:
1. Education of the individual
2. Proper labeling
3. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
A controlled product is a pure substance or
mixture which meets or exceeds the criteria
for inclusion in one or more of the WHMIS
hazard classes.
See the Safety Document for
More Information
Controlled products may cause severe physical damage
to an individual or ecosystem.
Entry into an organism may be through absorption

(through the skin), inhalation (through the respiratory
tract), or ingestion (through the digestive tract).
Damage to an individual may occur in the liver,

kidneys, skin, lungs, intestines, blood, or component
of the nervous system (eyes, brain, nerves)
Risk Phrases
1. Harmful if swallowed.
2. May irritate skin and eyes.
3. Flammable material.
4. Corrosive material.
5. Possible carcinogen.
6. May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed.
7. May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption.
Precautionary Statements
1. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

2. Wear rubber gloves, eye protection, and/or
protective clothing.
First Aid Measures
1. If contacts skin or eyes, flush with water.

2. If inhaled and breathing is difficult, provide
oxygen.
3. If swallowed, wash out mouth with water
and call doctor.
Reference
O pg 7-11 and 455 of text book
Science 10
Lab Safety
Agenda
O Get to Know Me
O Metric Staircase
O Study Period
Safety and Metric
System
Agenda
O Safety Quiz
O Metric Staircase
O Sig Digs
O Work Period
Safety Quiz
O
Metric System Review
O The metric staircase
O UP the staircase – divide by 10 for each step
or just move the decimal to the left
O DOWN the staircase – multiply by 10 for each

step or just move the decimal to the right
O Capacity measurements:
O The measure of the amount that an object will hold.
O The most common units are mL, L, kL

O Usually dealing with measurement of liquids
O Volume measurements:
O Three dimensional measurements
O The amount of space that an object occupies.
O The most common units we use are m3 , cm3 , dm3
O Mass:
O The amount of matter contained in an object
and this remains constant
O Most common units are mg, g, kg
O Area measurements:
O Two dimensional measurements.
O Measurement of the face inside a closed figure
O Most common units are mm2 , cm2 , m2 , km2
O Linear measurements:
O One dimensional
O Length of a certain object
Metric Conversions: Squared
Units
O Simply double the amount of decimal places
you would normally move
O Ex: 20.5 cm2 = _______m2

Units
O Ex: 20.5 cm2 = 0.00205m2
Units
O Ex. 7.06 km2 = ______m2
Units
O Ex. 7.06 km2 = ______m2
Units
O Ex. 7.06 km2 = 7,060,000m2
Work Period: Metric Conversions
O 10 minutes now
O Only the first two sets of questions
Measurement and Calculations
O Certainty and Significant Digits:
O In Science we must communicate how certain
we are with our measurements
O Certainty:
O It is measured by the number of significant
digits. One estimates to the next level that is
not visible
O Significant:
O The greater the number of significant digits, the
greater the certainty of the measurement
O Significant:
O Ex.
O 307.0cm
O Ex.
O 307.0cm --> 4 significant digits
O 61 m/s
O 61 m/s --> 2 significant digits
O 0.03m
O 0.03m --> 1 significant digit
O 0.5060km
O 0.5060km --> 4 significant digits
• Non-zero digits are always significant. Thus, 22
has two significant digits, and 22.3 has three
significant digits.
• With zeroes, the situation is more complicated:

• Zeroes placed before other digits are not
significant; 0.046 has two significant digits.
• Zeroes placed between other digits are always

significant; 4009 kg has four significant digits.
O Zeroes placed after other digits 7.90 and 100
each have three significant digits.
O Rules for Multiplying and Dividing
O The answer has the same number of significant
digits as the measurement with the fewest
number of significant digits.
O Rules for Adding and Subtracting
O The answer has the same number of decimal
places as the measured value with the fewest
Measurement and Sig Digs
Significant Digits
O When making a measurement, read the
instrument to its smallest division and
estimate between the divisions.
O Significant digits contain measured digits plus
one estimated digit.
O When objects are counted, the number is
exact. Significant digits do not apply to exact
numbers.
SIG DIGS WORKSHEET
Science 10
BIO Day 1
Agenda
O Notes: Biology and the Microscope
O Labeling /Defining the Microscope
Small to Big
O The Bio unit will start with small
systems and get bigger. Small systems
require magnification to view the
components. Microscopes are a used
technology to study small systems.
O The major theme of this unit is how
matter and energy move through
systems
sci10iomicroscope
Life: What, how, why??
O Technology leads O Better observation
to better and controlled
observation experiments leads
to increased
knowledge
O Microscope and
imaging O Development of the
technologies Cell Theory
Hierarchy of Organization
O Atoms-smallest unit of O Cells- smallest unit of life
matter
O Tissues
O Molecules
O Organs
O Organelles
O Systems
Remember there are:
Unicellular organisms and
Multicellular organisms O Organisms
sci10iomicroscope
Spontaneous Generation
(Romans until 19th century)
O Life occurs from non-living matter
O Accepted theory for the origin of life
for 2000’s years
O Eg. Maggots from raw meat
O Eg. Rats from garbage
O Eg. Frogs from pond sludge
sci10iomicroscope
What is a system?
A system is a group of things that interact.
Systems can range in size from microscopic (ex:
how your DNA replicates itself) to very large
(ex. Solar system)
There are 3 types of systems
1. Isolated System- no matter or energy is
exchanged with it’s surroundings
2. Closed System- energy can be exchanged
with the surroundings, but matter can not be
exchanged
3. Open System- both matter and energy can
be exchanged with the surroundings.
sci10iomicroscope
Development of the
Microscope
14th century- the art of grinding lenses is developed in
Italy and spectacles are made to improve eyesight
1595-Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen
make the 1st microscope by placing two lenses in a tube
1665- Robert Hooke studies various objects with his
microscope and publishes Micrographia. Among his work
were dead material (cork) and its ability to float in
water. The small chambers observed were called cells.
(3 lens microscope)
1675- Anton van Leeuwenhoek is the first to describe
protozoan's (single-celled organisms) and bacteria. He
used a simple microscope with a good lenses (for the
time)
Hooke + van Leeuwenhoek published through the Royal

Society of London – TEAMWORK!!!
sci10iomicroscope
Proof of life?
O 1745 John Needham Broth experiment
suggested “life force” explained
spontaneous generation
O 1859-1864 Louis Pasteur Swan neck
flask with broth experiment and
disproved spontaneous generation
sci10iomicroscope
Cell theory development
O 1833 Robert Brown - saw nucleus
suggesting importance to cell
O 1839 Schleiden and Schwann - studies
of tissues cells are the basic unit of all
organisms
O 1859 Ruloph Virchow - cells come from
pre-existing living cells
sci10iomicroscope
Cell Theory States
1. All organisms
composed of one or
more cells
2. The cell is the
smallest functional
unit of life
3. All cells are
produced from
other living cells
sci10iomicroscope
Recap of the Spontaneous
Generation Theory Experiment
O John Needham boiled broth to eliminate micro-
organisms
O Micro-organisms still appeared
O Louis Pasteur (1864) – “S”-shaped flask neck

O Idea was that air could not reach the broth but that
micro-organisms would get caught in the S-bend
O Results:
O No mold in the flask
O But when broth was tipped into the neck…eventually mold
would appear
Pasteur’s S-shaped Neck Flask
Experiments and Variables
O Most of the discoveries, especially those concerning
spontaneous generation, came from experimentation
O Pasteur used what we call controlled variables

O Same broth
O Same type of flasks
O Same light and temperature conditions
O These elements known as the…
O Controlled variables:
O Conditions that are held constant throughout an experiment
O Pasteur’s manipulated variable was the
access of dust into the flask
O Condition deliberately changed in an experiments
(aka – the independent variable)
O And his responding variable was his ability

to grow mold in the broth
O Condition that changes in response to the
manipulated variable in an experiment (aka –
the dependent variable)
O One more experimental variable to consider…
O Pasteur had a control: the flask in which dust
had normal access to the broth after boiling
O Part of the experiment in which the manipulated
variable is not changed in any way from its
normal condition
Microscope and Imaging
Technology
O Light microscopes magnify cells through the use of one
or more curved lenses and a light source
O Magnification is one important factor affecting what

can be seen through the microscope
O Two other important factors are:

O Contrast and
O Resolution
Technology
O Contrast
O Brightfield
O Illumination in the light microscope which the
specimen is illuminated by an unfiltered beam of
white light that passes from the illumination
source through the specimen, into the objective,
and then to the eyepiece
Technology
O Contrast
O Staining
O Use of chemical preservatives
O Drawback: Stains/preservatives kill cells and
thus viewing of living cells not possible after
these procedures
Technology
O Resolution or resolving power
O The ability to distinguish between two structures
that are close together
O High resolution  greater detail
O Human eye:
O 0.1 mm (or 1x10 -4m) or larger
O Standard light microscope:

-7
O 0.2 micrometers (2x10 m)
Most recently:
O 1900-1960 Fluorescence Microscopy
Examines surface of cells. Scanning is
invented. The surface of dead microbes
can be viewed in 3D.
O 1930 Electron Microscope Uses beams of
electrons to produce images with
magnification of 1500000x
O 1980 Confocal technology Uses laser
beams so the living cell can be viewed in
3D
sci10iomicroscope
Technology
O Confocal microscope:
O A microscope that uses confocal technology
O Confocal technology:
O Systems that use the light microscope, laser
beams, and computers to produce three
dimensional images from a combination of
many perfectly-focused thin sections
Whew!!!
O That’s a lot about microscopes!
O Just a little bit more…

Handout + Pg. 478 +
http://www.microscopemaster.com/parts-
of-a-compound-microscope.html
Science 10
BIO Day 2
Agenda
O Quiz Notice
O Microscope
O Letter “e” Prep
O Magnification and FOV
Microscope + Vocab Quiz
Revisiting Spontaneous
Generation
O 1668 Francesco Redi (maggot man)
O 1745 John Needham (broth – pro

spontaneous generation)
O 1859-1864 Louis Pasteur (S-neck)

O Variables?
Microscope
Microscope Terms
O Electron microscope (EM):
O A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to
produce images of fine detail
O Electron-dense:
O Characteristic of a substance that does not
allow electrons to pass through it, but either
absorbs or scatters electrons
Microscope Terms
O Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
O An EM in which the image is formed by a beam of
electrons that passes through a very thin section of
fixed and stained specimen
O Up to 1,500,000X
O Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):

O An EM in which a three-dimensional image is
formed by electrons bouncing off the surface of the
specimen
O Up to 300,000X
Prep for Lab
O The Letter “e” Lab
O Objectives:
O Introduction to using and care for the
microscope
O Intro to preparing a wet mount slide
O Introduction to making a biological diagram
How to Use and Focus a
Microscope
O ALWAYS CARRY YOUR MICROSCOPE WITH
ONE HAND ON THE ARM AND THE OTHER
UNDER THE BASE
1. Center your slide under the objective

2. Start w/ low power objective
3. COARSE adjustment
4. Move to medium power  FINE adjustment ONLY
5. High power  FINE adjustment ONLY
6. If blurry, go back to step 1
How to Use and
Focus a Microscope
O Once finished:
O Return to low power objective
O Wrap the cord around the microscope
O Put the plastic cover back on the microscope
How to Prepare a Wet Mount
Slide
O Some specimens look better when a drop of water is placed
on the slide – a “wet mount” slide
O Water helps support the specimen and fills the space between
the cover slip and the slide
O This allows light to pass easily through the slide, specimen and
cover slip
1. Eye dropper
2. Slowly lower cover slip on specimen from 45 degree angle
3. Too much water  paper towel
4. Too little water add drop beside cover slip
5. Air bubbles  gently tap cover slip
Making a Biological Diagram or
Drawing
O Use unlined paper (bring some for tomorrow)
+ ensure the specimen in the drawing takes up
at least half a page
O Use PENCIL only (tomorrow)
O Numerous cells – draw one or two
O Label identifiable parts with ruler and
horizontal lines
O All labels aligned in column to right or left of
the drawing
Making a Biological Diagram or
Drawing
O Draw only what you see but not the field of view
circle
O Draw the outline of the structure only. NO
SHADING OR COLOURING
O Include a figure number and title
O Eg. Figure 1: Title (describes the specimen drawn,
including type of preparation – wet mount, dry mount,
prepared slide – and type of stain used or unstained and
magnification
O On lower left hand corner:
O Scale = size of diagram/size of object
Biological Diagrams
1. Do you have relevant caption with all the
needed info (description of subject,
magnification, stain)
2. Is your diagram clear, unshaded,
representative?
3. FOV Calculation
4. Did you show the calculation for scale?
5. Is your scale correct?
Using a Microscope
O http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGBgABLEV4g
Magnification
O Power: How much the lens
magnifies a specimen
O Magnification: By how
many times both lenses
increase the specimen
image
O To calculate magnification
we use the following
equation:
magnification = (power of objective

lens)*(power of eyepiece)
Calculating magnification
 Recall that light microscopes 10X
have:
 An ocular lens (= eyepiece).
 Magnification = 10X
 A revolving
4X
nosepiece with three
objective lenses. 10X
 Low power magnification = 4X 40X
 Med power magnification = 10X
 High power magnification = 40X
 Total magnification
= (ocular mag.)×(objective mag.)
Magnification
O Example:
O What is the magnification for the following

combination of lenses?
O A 2.5x low-power objective lens and a 10x
eyepiece
Magnification
O (2.5X)(10X) = 25X
Field of View
O Field of View: The diameter of the lit-up
circle seen through the lenses
O The diameter of the field of view varies
with the particular objective lens you
are using
O The diameter of the field of view can be
determined by looking at a ruler under
the microscope (for low power)
Calculating size of an object using
Field of View (FOV)
Procedure:
1) Observe ruler under low power.
4X × 10X = 40X
2) Align ruler to measure diameter of
FOV.
3) Count # of increments.
4) Compare object with FOV to

mm Ruler determine its real size.
4.5 mm = FOV @ 40X 1 FOV = 4.5 mm

Calculating size of an object using
Field of View (FOV)
Procedure:
1) Observe ruler under low power.
4X × 10X = 40X
2) Align ruler to measure diameter of
FOV.
3) Count # of increments.
4) Compare object with FOV to

determine its real size.
4.5 mm = FOV @ 40X 1/3 FOV = 1.5 mm

Therefore size of object, (SOO) = FOV / Fit #
Field of View
O Converting to High Power
O The following formula can be used to determine the field

of view for a different magnification:
O *Knowing the three slides prior was a ruler under low

power (40x), what would the field diameter be under
higher power (400x).
Field of View
O HP Diameter/LP Diameter = LP magnification/HP
magnification
O HP Diameter = (LP magnification * LP Diameter)/HP

magnification
O HP Diameter = (40X * 7 mm)/400X = 0.7mm
O An inverse relationship:
O As HP magnification increases, HP FOV diameter
decreases
The Letter “e” Lab
O Remember:
O Pencil
O One lab per person

Science 10
BIO Day 3
Agenda
O Quiz
O Letter “e” lab
O Study Period
Quiz
O Microscope and Vocab
Letter “e” Lab
O Remember how to draw a biological diagram
O Remember to care for the microscope
O Remember how to prepare a wet mount slide
O Take a look at:

O black thread (1 cm) + white thread (1 cm)
O Escherichia coli, Motor nerve endings, Voluntary striated, Pond water

sample
O 50 minutes
Go to it!
O 45 minutes
Science 10
BIO Day 4
Agenda
O Microscope Images
O Cell History, Theory
O Peer Teaching
O Structure pods
O Cell pods
O Cell Video
O Cell organelles
O Quiz Prep
Microscope Images
O What’s your guess?
What am I?
Magnified sugar Magnified fish

crystal scale
What am I?
Red blood cells hair

What am I?
Human A dust mite

skin
What am I?
Bread mold Flesh eating

disease
Cell History
O 1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope
1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9
years later.
1833 – Brown described the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg
cells are also cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an
egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist)
expounds his famous conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is
cells develop only from existing cells [cells come from preexisting
cells]
Cell History
O 1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.
1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei
from cytoplasm.
1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron
microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal
cells in culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient
centrifugation in cesium chloride solutions for separating nucleic
acids.
Cell History
O 1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium.
Cambridge Instruments produced the first commercial
scanning electron microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that
different cell lines require different mixtures of hormones
and growth factors in serum-free media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced.
Mouse embryonic stem cell line established.
1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced
spectral properties
1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of
post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants
Cell Theory
O 3 tenents
O 1.
O 2.
O 3.
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are made up of cells
2. Cells are responsible for function and

structure in all living organisms
3. All cells are reproduced from other living

cells
Cell Structure Pods
Become the EXPERT!
1. Cell membrane + nucleus

2. Cytoplasm + Cell wall
3. Chloroplasts
4. Vacuoles and vesicles
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum + Ribosomes
6. Lysosomes
7. Golgi apparatus
8. Mitochondria
O Text book – pages 267-269

O 5-10 minutes
Cell Pods
O Share the expertise!
O No textbook or notes
O Take turns
O 10-15 minutes
O Round 1 O Round 4
O 1 with 5
O 1 with 2 O 2 with 6
O 7 with 8 O Round 5
O 1 with 6
O 2 with 5
O Round 2 O 3 with 8
O 2 with 4
O Round 6
O 5 with 7
O 1 with 7
O 3 with 5
O 4 with 6
O Round 3
O 1 with 4 O Round 7
O 2 with 7
Cell Organelles: A Video
O https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Z9pqST72is
Organelles
O Cell membrane:
O Protective barrier for the cell
O Allows transport of materials in and out
O Important for cell interaction and
communication
Organelles
O Nucleus
O Contains DNA
O Directs cellular activity
O Surrounded by nuclear envelop with pores that
allows transport of materials
Organelles
O Cytoplasm
O Gel-like substance inside cell membrane
O Organelles suspended in it
O Allows for cytoplasmic streaming
Organelles
O Cell Wall
O Found in plants, bacteria, some protists and
fungi – NOT in animal cells
O Rigid frame around cell
O Strength and support
Organelles
O Chloroplasts
O Found only in plants and some protists
O Contain chlorophyll  green colour
O Site of photosynthesis (conversion of energy
from Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water
into sugars
Organelles
O Vacuoles/Vesicles
O Membrane-bound structures
O Store nutrients, products of secretion and fats
O Plant cells have central vacuole
O Vesicles transport material through cell
Microscope Quiz
O Quiz Prep
Science 10
BIO Day 5
Agenda
O Microscope Quiz
O Cell organelles
O Letter “e” Lab Review of Concepts
O Intro the Cellular Talent Show
O Plant and Animal Cell Lab Prep
Quiz
O 30 minutes
O Separate desks into rows
O GOOD LUCK!
Cell Organelles
O Endoplasmic Recticulum
O Series of interconnected small tubes branching
from nuclear envelope
O Materials transported via tubes
O Rough: ribosomes
O Smooth: fat/oil production
Cell Organelles
O Ribosomes
O Two parts
O On rough ER or free in cytoplasm
O Protein synthesis
Cell Organelles
O Lysosome
O Membrane bound sacs
O Digestion
O Defence against bacteria
O Destruction of damaged organelles
Cell Organelles
O Golgi apparatus
O Flat, disc-shaped sacs
O Secretion
O Receives from ER  transports out of cell
Cell Organelles
O Mitochondria
O Reactions occur to convert chemical energy
into energy the cell can use  cellular
respiration
Cellular Talent Show
O Creative and factual
O Due: ?
O Can present, but don’t have to
O References:
O Textbook pages 247-252 + 267-273
O Internet (be careful!)
O Marking:
O See rubric on D2L
Cellular Talent Show Brainstorm
O 15-20 min
Plant and Animal Cell Lab
O Onion Epidermal Cells
O Muscle prepared slides
Science 10
BIO Day 6
Agenda
O Plant and Animal Cell Lab (approx. 60
minutes)
Muscle?
O Onion O Striated Muscle
Science 10
BIO Day 8
Agenda
O Work Period: Cellular Talent Show
O Notes: Membrane + Particle Theory of Matter
O Work Period: Cellular Talent Show
Cellular Talent Show Work
Period
O 15-20 minutes
Chemical Composition of Cell
Structures
O Major elements:
O carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
nitrogen (also sulfur)
Structures
O carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
nitrogen organized into 4 major organic
compounds:
O Lipids: fats and oils

O Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, and cellulose
O Protein: ex. Muscle fibers, enzymes
O Nucleic acids: DNA and genetic material
Structures
O Water – other major compound found in all
plant and animal cells
O Water = solvent for all biological reactions

(inside and outside the cell)
O Trace elements
O Ex. Magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese
(Mn) and iron (Fe)
Structures
O Similarities between plant and animal cells
regarding chemical composition:
O Both have cell membrane and cytoskeleton
(made up of proteins and lipids)
O Both have genetic material (DNA) made up of
sugars, nitrogen bases, and phosphate
Structures
O Some differences between plant and animal cells:
O Animal cells have centrioles (involved in cell

division)
O Plant cells have a cell wall (made up cellulose)
O Plant cells have chlorophyll (involved in
photosynthesis)
O Animal cells have some specialized compounds:
O Hemoglobin in red blood cells
O Cholesterol
Structures
O Some differences between plant and animal
cells:
O Different forms of energy storage:

O Some plants: starch or oils
O Animals  glycogen, lipids (i.e. fats)
O Plants  large central vacuole
O Animals  vacuoles + vesicles usually small
Model of a Cell Membrane
O Membrane plays an important role in
maintaining equilibrium (balance) inside the
cell
O Allow some substances in and keeping others
out
O Cell membrane = plasma membrane
O Made up of a phospholipid bilayer

O Double layer of lipids: each with a phosphate
group attached
O Proteins are imbedded in the membrane

O Some stick out to the outside
O Some stick in to the inside
O Some span the whole membrane
O Fluid-mosaic model
O Mosaic: collection of different substances held
together by a common material
Particle Theory of Matter
O Cell membrane responsible for transport of
gases, nutrients and wastes into and out of the
cell
O All substances moving in and out of the cell

are considered particles
1. All matter is made of particles but the
particles in different substances may be
different in size and composition
2. The particles of matter are constantly moving

or vibrating: particles move least in solids
and most in gases. Adding or taking away
energy will affect the movement of particles
3. The particles of matter are attracted to one
another or are bonded together
4. Particles have spaces between them that are

smallest in solids, except for ice, and
greatest in gases. The spaces may be
occupied by the particles of other
substances.
Cellular Talent Show + Other
Work
O Work period
Science 10
BIO Day 10
Agenda
O Vocab Quiz
O Notes:
O Diffusion
O Concentrated Gradients, Facilitated Diffusion,
Active Transport
O Endocytosis/Exocytosis
O Cellular Talent Show Work Period
Diffusion
O Diffusion:
O Natural movement of particles from a higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
O Example: Fresh package of coffee opened – aroma
diffuses in the air
O Particles move so that they are in equilibrium…

equally spaced throughout the room
O Particles are still moving but maintain an overall
balanced, even distribution
Diffusion
Diffusion
O Rate of diffusion:
O Increased by adding energy + increasing molecular
movement (i.e. stirring or heating)
O Diffusion also occurs in cells
O Diffusion of water or solutes (a substance that is

dissolved in solution) can occur across a cell
membrane
O If difference in concentrations from one side to another
O Can also occur within the cytoplasm
Diffusion
O Difference in concentration known as
concentration gradient
O No added energy is needed  passive diffusion
O Cell membrane  selectively permeable

O Allows some particles to pass…and not others
O Determined by particle size, charge and whether
they are soluble in lipids
Diffusion
O Generally: particles move from higher
concentration to lower concentration
O I.e. oxygen flows from outside the cell to inside
the cell
Diffusion
O Concentration Gradient
O Must involve different concentrations
O In cells, different concentrations may be
separated by a membrane
O Involves molecules or ions of a single type (i.e.
K+, Na+)
O Different molecules or ions move along their
concentration gradients independently of each
other
O Drives diffusion and osmosis
Osmosis
O If there is a concentration gradient across the cell
BUT the solute molecules are not able to pass
through, there will be a net movement of water
molecules through the cell membrane
O Water molecules move from areas of higher water

concentrations to areas with lower water
concentrations
O Passive transport (energy is not required)

Osmosis
Osmosis
O Hypertonic solution
O Solution that has higher concentration of solutes than cell
O Water will leave cell and move into hypertonic solution
O Hypotonic solution
O Solution has lower concentration of solutes than cell
O Water will enter the cell
O Isotonic
O Equal concentration of solutes to the cell
O No net water movement (but water is constantly moving in and out
of cell)
Facilitated Diffusion
O Only substances that are soluble in lipids can pass through the lipid
bilayer by diffusion
O Other substances (water – but not lipid soluble particles) require

some other way of crossing the cell membrane
O Answer:
O Channel proteins – create pores
O Carrier proteins – attach to molecules that are not able to pass by
themselves
O Process is called facilitated diffusion (still in response to concentration
gradient). Also, still passive transport (no energy required)
Active Transport
O Against concentration gradient
O From low concentration to higher
concentration
O Carrier proteins act as a sort of pump – “like
swimming upstream”
O Energy  ATP (produced in mitochondria)
Endocytosis/exocytosis
Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Coming Up
O Vocab Quiz
O Applications of Cellular Transport in Industry
and Medicine
O Plants
O Photosynthesis
O Tissues and Gas Exchange
O Control Systems
Work Period: Cellular Talent
Show
Science 10
BIO Day 11
Agenda
O Vocab Quiz (20 min)
O A bit of Review
O Applications of Cellular Transport in Industry
and Medicine,
O Cellular Talent Show Work Period (10 min)
O Transport of Protein Hormones
O Text Questions: pg 288
Vocab Quiz
O 20 minutes
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Diffusion?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Rate diffusion?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Concentration gradient?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Osmosis?
O Hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic?
O Movement of water?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Facilitated diffusion?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Active transport?
Review
O Tell me about it:
O Endocytosis/Exocytosis?
Applications of
Cellular Transport in Industry and Medicine
O SOME DEFINITIONS
O Membrane technologies
O Industrial use of synthetics to mimic natural functions
O Recognition proteins
O Embedded in cell membrane
O Stick out into cell’s surroundings
O Allow cells to recognize one another (i.e. sperm +
egg; destroy invading bacteria/viruses, etc)
Applications of Cellular
Transport in Industry and Medicine
O More definitions
O Receptor proteins
O Bind to certain molecules to bring them into
cell via endocytosis or to communicate through
the cell membrane
O HIV uses receptor proteins to enter cell
O Pharmaceutical research  targets certain
receptors
NEEDS TITLE
O Lock and key process
O Imagine covering keyhole of padlock with
cement
O Could block viruses, such as HIV, from binding
Synthetic Membrane
Technologies
O Liposomes used to deliver drugs
O Fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid
bilayer (just like cell membrane of human cells)
O Started being used in 1960s
O 1/1000th the diameter of human hair
O Examples: HIV/Cancer treatments use
liposomes
Period
O 10 minutes
Transport of Protein Hormones
O Hormone:
O Chemical compound that travels from its
production site in an organism to other sites
where it produces an effect
O Binds with membrane receptors
Transport of Protein Hormones
O Insulin
O Small protein produced in pancreas
1. Glucose binds to specialized cells in pancreas
2. Triggers excretion of insulin into blood
3. Insulin binds to receptor proteins of tissues (including
liver, muscle, fat)
4. Binding stimulates the rate of movement of glucose into
cells via facilitated diffusion using a carrier protein
5. Glucose is then used either directly to produce energy, or
stored as a future source of energy as glycogen in the
liver, fat in the fat tissue, and protein in the muscle
Diffusion in Medicine
O Dialysis has greatly improved people’s chance of survival in kidney
failure
O When healthy, kidneys maintain the body’s equilibrium of water and
minerals
O Two types:
O Peritoneal dialysis
O Hemodyalisis
O Operate on principles of diffusion/osmosis and existence of

concentration gradients
O Purpose: rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluid produced by
cells of the body
O Peritoneal dialysis
O Peritoneum
O Membrane of cells that lines abdominal cavity
O During dialysis:
O Waste from blood pass products through these cells into a
fluid: the dialysate fluid
O Soft plastic tube (catheter) surgically into abdominal cavity
O Sterile dialysate fluid pumped into cavity
O Mixture of water and glucose  similar to human body fluids
O Sodium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, calcium
O Movement of toxins from blood into dialysate fluid down

concentration gradient(from higher concentration in blood to
lower concentration)
O Hemodialysis
O More complicated procedure
O Blood must be removed from body, cleansed
with a dialysate fluid using a special machine
and returned to body
Diffusion Applications
Continued
O Reverse osmosis
O Example: Desalination
O Process of removing salt from sea water in order to
make it suitable for drinking
O Common in Antarctica
O Successive smaller filters to filter out smaller and
smaller particles
O Referred to as reverse osmosis: going from low
concentration of water (high concentration of solute) to
a high water concentration (low concentration of
solute)
O Requires pressure
Diffusion Applications
Continued
Text Questions
O Pg. 288
O 1, 4, 5, 6
O For homework check
O When done, work on Cellular Talent show

Science 10
BIO Day 12
Agenda
O Text Questions Homework Check
O Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
O Worksheets
Text Questions
O Pg. 288
O 1, 4, 5, 6
O For homework check

The Ratio of Surface Area to
Volume
O Wouldn’t it make more sense for cells to grow
to a larger size?
O For instance having the human body made up

of a few hundred large cells instead of trillions
of tiny ones?
Volume
O Transport of materials into and out of cell is
critical to how cell functions
O If cells are larger, the distance materials need

to travel from cell surface (membrane) will
also increase
Volume
O A cube has 6 square faces, each with area of s2 , where s
is side length
O Surface area of cube: A = 6 s2

O OR: A = 2 (length X width) + 2 (length X height) + 2
(width X height) units2
O Volume of cube is v = s3 or (l x w x h) units3
O Surface area to volume ratio of cube:

O A/v = 6 s2 /s3 = 6/s units-1
Surface Area
Volume
O Surface area to volume ratio of cube:
O A/v = 6 s2 /s3 = 6/s
O OR: A = 2 (length X width) + 2 (length X height)
+ 2 (width X height)
O A: s = 1.0 cm, A/V = 6/1.0 = 6.0 cm-1

O B: s = 2.5 cm, A/V = 6/2.5 = 2.4 cm-1
O C: s = 4.0cm, A/V = 6/4.0 = 1.5 cm-1
Volume
O Surface area determines the opportunities for
transport of materials
O The greater the surface area, the more

opportunity for transport
O Less surface area, less opportunity to expel

wastes
Volume
O Multicellular organisms have developed internal
transport systems to reduce dependence on diffusion
O In humans, no cell is more than 0.1 mm away from a

capillary that transports blood to bring nutrients and
remove wastes
O Plants also have transport systems:

O Xylem: water delivery from roots
O Phloem: distributes sugars
Worksheet
O Surface Area to Volume
Cellular Talent Show
O Work Period
Science 10
BIO Day 13
Agenda
O Gallery Walk: Cells, Tissues and Systems
O Notes: The Leaf and Photosynthesis
O Textbook Questions (pg. 308)
O SA/V Fine Tuning
O Work Period (Cellular Talent Show/Text
Questions/Test preparation)
Gallery Walk
O Cells, Tissues, and Systems (20-30 minutes)
Plant Quiz
O Plant cells, tissues, and systems
O Photosynthesis, Gas Exchange, Cellular
Respiration
O Cohesion/Adhesion
O Control Systems in plants
O Tonicity
The Leaf and Photosynthesis
O Leaf
O Collection of tissue
O Main purpose  photosynthesis
O Each tissue (dermal, ground, vascular) has
particular purpose/function
O Chloroplasts
O Green pigment  chlorophyll
O Easily seen in cytoplasm  green colour
O Found in ground tissue of leaves (sometimes in
stems)
O Photosynthesis
O Photosynthesis:
O Photo = light
O Synthesis = putting together
chlorophyll + light
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)  C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)

O Light absorbed by chlorophyll  converted to
chemical energy (stored in glucose)
O Light and chlorophyll are not considered to be

reactants or products
Text Questions
O Page 308: Questions – 1, 2, 3, 5
O SA/V Fine Tuning
Coming Up
O Cellular Respiration
O Leaf Tissues and Gas Exchange
O Transport
O Control systems
Period
Science 10
BIO Day 14
Agenda
O Plants Quiz
O The Leaf, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration
O Notes: Gas Exchange
O Gummy Bear Lab Prep
O Text Work
O Leaf
O Collection of tissue
O Main purpose  photosynthesis
O Each tissue (dermal, ground, vascular) has
particular purpose/function
O Chloroplasts
O Green pigment  chlorophyll
O Easily seen in cytoplasm  green colour
O Found in ground tissue of leaves (sometimes in
stems)
O Photosynthesis
O Photosynthesis:
O Photo = light
O Synthesis = putting together
chlorophyll + light
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)  C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)

O Light absorbed by chlorophyll  converted to
chemical energy (stored in glucose)
O Light and chlorophyll are not considered to be

reactants or products
O The inverse of photosynthesis  cellular
respiration
O Begins in cytoplasm
O Completed in mitochondria
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) +ATP

O Plant tissues respire at a much lower rate than
animal tissue
O Cellular respiration occurs in the dark.

Carbon dioxide not an obvious product during
daylight
O Photosynthesis occurs only with sunlight

Leaf Tissues and Gas Exchange
O Gas exchange by passive diffusion would take
too long
O Specialized cells to maximize gas exchange
and to provide reactants/remove products of
leaf’s cellular activities
O Dermal Tissue:
O Guard cells (specialized) form tiny openings/pores
called stomata  gas exchange
O Stomata regulate movement of gases
O Open air chambers connecting to cells of ground
tissue
O carbon dioxide and oxygen can then enter/leave leaf
by diffusion
O Movement depends on concentration gradients
O Majority found in lower epidermis (underside of
leaf)
Leaf tissues and Leaf Tissues and
Gas Exchangeexchange
O Dermal Tissue:
O Guard cells control when stomata open or close

O Swell up to open stomata
O Shrink to close stomata
O Dermal Tissue:
O With light…guard cells:
O Accumulate potassium ions via active transport
O Water enters via osmosis
O Guard cells swell up due to increased turgor
pressure
O Outer walls of guard cell thinner than inner walls
 cells bulge outwards  stoma open
O Dermal Tissue:
O Transpiration:
O Process of water vapor leaving the leave via stomata
O When water is not readily available  guard cells
become limp  stomata close
O Hot dry climates  fewer stomata
O Higher humidity  more stomata
O Little carbon dioxide  stomata open more

O Ground Tissue:
O Mesophyll – two types of specialized ground
cells
O Palisade tissue cells
O Found just below upper epidermis
O Long, rigid rectangular. Tightly packed together
O Large number exposed to Sun’s rays
O Responsible for photosynthesis  chloroplasts
O Ground Tissue:
O Mesophyll
O Spongy mesophyll tissue
O Between palisade tissue cells and lower epidermis
O Loosely packed, irregularly shaped
O Gas exchange by diffusion
O Moves oxygen toward stomata for expulsion
O Moves carbon dioxide from air toward the palisade
cells
O Vascular Tissue:
O Provides leaf with water for transpiration and
photosynthesis
O “Leaf veins” contain vascular tissue
O Vascular bundle  xylem and phloem tissues
bunched together
O Lenticels
O Natural openings – pores along woody stems
and mature roots
O Result of split in secondary outer tissues that
replace epidermis
O Like stomata  provide pathway for gas
exchange
Gummy Bear Lab Prep
O 2 days
O Individual report + prelab
O Prelab:
O Title
O Hypothesis
O Variables
O Materials
O Procedure
O Observation Table
Period
Science 10
BIO Day 15
Agenda
O Call for Presenters
O Notes: Transport in Plants
O Gummy Bear Lab
O Cellular Talent Show
O Presentations?
Transport in Plants
O Photosynthesis occurs only in the leaves
O Water is absorbed (for the most part) in the
roots
O Photosynthesis requires water
O Without photosynthesis, tree would die
Transport in Plants
O Many factors involved in movement of water
in plants
O Osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and
transpiration
O Cell membranes, vacuoles, and vascular tissues

Transport in Plants
O Cohesion and Adhesion
O Water molecules cling to each other and to
other molecules  capillary action
O Cohesion:
O Attraction of water molecules to other water
molecules
O Due to polar nature of water molecule: positive to
negative
O Adhesion:
O Attraction of water molecules to other substances
Transport in Plants
O Root Pressure
O Causes the movement of water into certain areas (such as tips of
blades of grass)
O Occurs at night when the rate of transpiration is low but root cells
are still accumulating minerals
O Pressure created in xylem
O Dissolved minerals are present in cells of root as result of active
transport
O Through osmosis  creates positive pressure forces fluid up xylem
O Water is forced from higher pressure in roots toward lower
pressure in leaves
O Able to push water to a maximum of only a few meters
O Transpiration has effect of pulling water up the stem  sucks
water up
Transport in Plants
O Transpiration causes a tension or
transpiration pull
O Water molecules evaporating causes a pull on
other water molecules
O Pulls water up xylem
O Transpiration depends on temperature

O Temperature high  rate of evaporation through
stomata high and movement through xylem rapid
O Ideal conditions  75 cm per minute
Transport in Plants
O Plasmolysis:
O Effect on cell when higher concentration of
solute on outside of cell causes water to pass
from cell to surroundings
O Cell membrane becomes visible as vacuole

shrinks
O Leaf is wilted or limp
Sugar Transport in Plants modify
Sugar Transport in Plants -
Modify
O Companion cells  active transport using
carrier proteins takes in sugar molecules from
site of photosynthesis
O Water moves into cells by osmosis  and then
into sieve cells
O Increased water pressure pushes water and
sugars through phloem to rest of plant
O Known as pressure-flow theory

CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Animals react to stimuli
O What would you do if you touch something

hot?
O …in the presence of a loud noise?

CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Plants
O Not as obvious
O But definitely react to stimuli
O Plants grow towards the light  phototropism

O Photo  light
O Tropism  movement of plant in response to stimulus
O Stems  positive phototropism
O Roots  negative phototropism
O Auxin (hormone)
CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Gravitropism
O Stems  negative
O Roots  positive
O Response to temperature, chemicals, and

water
Science 10
BIO Day 16
Agenda
O Notes: Control Systems in Plants
O Areas for Improvement: Calculations
O Agar Lab + Part II Gummy Bear Lab
O Cellular Talent Show Presentations
O Test Preparation
CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Animals react to stimuli
O What would you do if you touch something

hot?
O …in the presence of a loud noise?

CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Plants
O Not as obvious
O But definitely react to stimuli
O Plants grow towards the light  phototropism

O Photo  light
O Tropism  movement of plant in response to stimulus
O Stems  positive phototropism
O Roots  negative phototropism
O Auxin (hormone)
CONTROL SYSTEMS
O Gravitropism
O Stems  negative
O Roots  positive
O Response to temperature, chemicals, and

water
Agar Lab
Gummy Bear Lab – Part II

Sci 10 - Biology - 2022

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Science 10

O Listen when anyone else is talking.

O Hands are important.

O There are no stupid questions.

O No food or drink on lab days

O Guiding Questions (on D2L)

O Precision: concerned with the reproducibility

O Note: the instrument used dictates the

O Note: the instrument used dictates the number

A metre stick divided by millimeter increments can be used to

O What would be the length of the rectangle in the above

An electronic mass scale measures to hundredths of a

Measured values are recorded in tables. Tables have:

Includes the following:

1. Title – descriptive with numbered figure

5 or higher round up.

Less than 5 round down.

NOTE: Rounding should only occur for final

Know nano through giga.

W.H.M.I.S. stands for:

W.H.M.I.S. is a system of procedures and defined

Entry into an organism may be through absorption

Damage to an individual may occur in the liver,

1. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

1. If contacts skin or eyes, flush with water.

O DOWN the staircase – multiply by 10 for each

O The most common units are mL, L, kL

O Ex: 20.5 cm2 = _______m2

• With zeroes, the situation is more complicated:

• Zeroes placed between other digits are always

Hooke + van Leeuwenhoek published through the Royal

O Louis Pasteur (1864) – “S”-shaped flask neck

O Pasteur used what we call controlled variables

O And his responding variable was his ability

O Magnification is one important factor affecting what

O Two other important factors are:

O Standard light microscope:

O Just a little bit more…

O 1745 John Needham (broth – pro

O 1859-1864 Louis Pasteur (S-neck)

O Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):

1. Center your slide under the objective

magnification = (power of objective

O What is the magnification for the following

4) Compare object with FOV to

4.5 mm = FOV @ 40X 1 FOV = 4.5 mm

4) Compare object with FOV to

4.5 mm = FOV @ 40X 1/3 FOV = 1.5 mm

O The following formula can be used to determine the field

O *Knowing the three slides prior was a ruler under low

O HP Diameter = (LP magnification * LP Diameter)/HP

O HP Diameter = (40X * 7 mm)/400X = 0.7mm

O One lab per person

O Remember to care for the microscope

O Remember how to prepare a wet mount slide

O Take a look at:

O Escherichia coli, Motor nerve endings, Voluntary striated, Pond water

Magnified sugar Magnified fish

Red blood cells hair

Human A dust mite

Bread mold Flesh eating

1. All living organisms are made up of cells

2. Cells are responsible for function and