Unit 12

Ethics and Professional Practice

Kathmandu University
School of Engineering
BE. Civil (405) / BE. Geomatics (405)
Year: 4th Semester: 2nd
Name of the Course: Entrepreneurship Development and Ethics
Course Code: CIEG-405
Credits: 3 hrs.
Lecture Hours: 48 LHrs.

Session By: Rudra Prasad Ghimire, Ph. D.

Assistant Professor, KU

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 Unit 12
Ethics and Professional Practice
 Ethics: Three Levels of Ethical Standards
 Reasons for Ethical Lapses
 Establishing and Maintaining Ethical Standards
 Moral and Non-moral Actions, Human Values
 Profession: Features of Profession, Professional
Engineering practices in Nepal

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 Unit 12
Ethics and Professional Practice
 Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Professional
Engineering Practice
 Fundamental Human Rights, Duties and
Responsibilities
 Social Justice and Equity, Gender Justice and
Equity, Child Rights, Human Rights, Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
 Directive principles of Constitution of Nepal (2015)
 s

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 Unit 12
Ethics and Professional Practice
 Role of National Human Right Commission
and Basic Principles
 Role of International Professional
Engineering Institution

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 Chapter
Chapter 12
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Ethics
Ethics and
and Professional
Professional Practice
Practice
 Ethics
 Ethical behavior is good for business and
involves demonstrating respect for key moral
principles that include honesty, fairness,
equality, dignity, diversity and individual
rights.

 The full definition of “professionalism” is the

conduct, aims or qualities that characterize
or mark a profession or professional person.

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 Professional Practice
 Professional Practice is a term used to
describe activities which will help you apply
your knowledge to your industry, job role or
workplace. Basic principles of professional
ethics:
 Integrity
 Objectivity
 Professional Competence and Due Care
 Confidentiality
 Professional Behavior
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 Professional Practice
 Here are many types of professional
practices. Examples include medical,
architecture, engineering, accounting,
advertising, design and law. From a business
valuation perspective, it's important to
recognize the common denominators these
businesses share.

 The Professional Practice should allow the

student to understand how knowledge
acquired during schooling may be applied to
solving problems in real world situations. 8
Professional Practice

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Ethics and professionalism in
workplace

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Ethics: Three Levels of Ethical
Standards

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Reasons for Ethical Lapses(gap)

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Establishing and Maintaining
Ethical Standards

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 The golden rule
 The most familiar version of the Golden
Rule says, “Do unto others as you would
have them do unto you.” Moral philosophy
has barely taken notice of the golden rule in
its own terms despite the rule's prominence
in commonsense ethics.

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 Utilitarian Principles
 In this principles, Utilitarian's believe that
the purpose of morality is to make life
better by increasing the amount of good
things (such as pleasure and happiness) in
the world and decreasing the amount of bad
things (such as pain and unhappiness).

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 kant's categorical imperative
 Kant's improvement on the golden rule, the
Categorical Imperative: Act as you would
want all other people to act towards all
other people. Act according to the maxim
that you would wish all other rational
people to follow, as if it were a universal
law.

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 The professional ethics
 Professional ethics are principles that govern
the behavior of a person or group in a
business environment. Like values,
professional ethics provide rules on how a
person should act towards other people and
institutions in such an environment.

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 The Golden Rule
 The "Golden Rule" was proclaimed by
Jesus of Nazareth during his Sermon on the
Mount and described by him as the second
great commandment. The common English
phrasing is "Do unto others as you would
have them do unto you".

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 The Golden Rule
 The Golden Rule is the principle of treating
others as one would want to be treated by them.
It is sometimes called an ethics of reciprocity,
meaning that you should reciprocate to others
how you would like them to treat you.

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 The Golden Rule
 The Golden Rule is a moral which says treat
others how you would want to be treated.
This moral in various forms has been used
as a basis for society in many cultures and
civilizations. It is called the 'golden' rule
because there is value in having this kind of
respect and caring attitude for one another.

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The Golden Rule

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 The television test
 Attempts to determine how the individual
would feel if they saw their situation
described on TV, whether their action would
make them appear good or bad.

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 The Family Test
 The Family Test brings a family perspective
into policy making. It helps ensure impacts
on family relationships and functioning,
both positive and negative, are recognized
in the process of policy development and
help inform the policy decisions made by
Ministers.

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Maintaining Ethical Standards

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 Moral and Non-moral Actions,
 An immoral action is that is considered
morally wrong

 A moral action is an action which is

considered morally right or good. A morally
neutral action is one that is independent
from moral judgment; for example the
prudential use of the verb should when we
say you should eat more fruits.

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Non- moral standard

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Human Values

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 Basic human values
 Basic human values refer to those values
which are at the core of being human. The
values which are considered basic inherent
values in humans include Truth, Honesty,
Loyalty, Love, Peace, etc. because they
bring out the fundamental goodness of
human beings and society at large.

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 Profession:
 A paid occupation, especially one that
involves prolonged training and a formal
qualification.
i.e."his chosen profession of teaching"

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Features of Profession

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 Professional Engineering practices
in Nepal
 https://ioe.promod.com.np/2018/07/profession
al-practices-in-nepal.html

 Provision of Professional Engineer Nepal

Engineering Council (NEC)
 Professional Development as part of
evaluation of engineering colleges Nepal
Engineering Association (NEA)

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 Professional Engineering
Practices in Nepal
 Organizing professional
meeting/seminar/conferences/conclave: (NEA,
Society of Consulting Architectural &
Engineering Firms (SCAEF), Federation of
Contractors' Associations of Nepal- (FCAN),
Computer Association of Nepal (CAN)
Organizing trainings, weekly or monthly
lecture series by Nepal Engineer's Association
(NEA)

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 Code of Ethics
 A code of ethics is a guiding set of principles
intended to instruct professionals to act in a
manner that is honest and that is beneficial
to all stakeholders involved.

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34
Code of ethics

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 Code of ethics
 A code of ethics is a guiding set of principles
intended to instruct professionals to act in a
manner that is honest and that is beneficial
to all stakeholders involved.

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Guidelines for Professional
Engineering Practice

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 Fundamental Human Rights
 Human rights are rights inherent to all
human beings, regardless of race, sex,
nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or
any other status.

 Human rights include the right to life and

liberty, freedom from slavery and torture,
freedom of opinion and expression, the right
to work and education, and many more.

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Fundamental Human Rights

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 Fundamental Human Rights
 Some universally recognized rights that are
seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the
United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights,
 International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, or the U.N. International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, include the following:

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 Fundamental Human Rights

Self-determination

Liberty

Due process of law

Freedom of movement

Right to privacy

Freedom of thought

Freedom of conscience

Freedom of religion

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 Fundamental Human Rights
 Freedom of expression
 Freedom of assembly
 Freedom of association

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 Duties and Responsibilities
Duty implies an obligation or moral
commitment which an individual is
expected to perform.

Responsibility refers to the liability

which is assumed or accepted by a
person, as a part of his job role or
position.
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 Social Justice
 “Social justice is the view that everyone
deserves equal economic, political and social
rights and opportunities.”

 Social workers aim to open the doors of

access and opportunity for everyone,
particularly those in greatest need.”

 “Social justice covers economic justice.”

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Social Justice

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 Equity
 What is Equity? The term “equity” refers to
fairness and justice and is distinguished
from equality.

 Whereas equality means providing the same

to all but equity means recognizing that we
do not all start from the same place and
must acknowledge and make adjustments to
imbalances.

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Equity

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 Child Rights
 Children's rights or the rights of children
are a subset of human rights with particular
attention to the rights of special protection
and care afforded to minors.

 The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the

Child (CRC) defines a child as "any human
being below the age of eighteen years, unless
under the law applicable to the child,
majority is attained earlier."

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Child Rights

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 Child Rights
 Children's rights includes their right to
association with both parents, human
identity as well as the basic needs for
physical protection, food, universal state-
paid education, health care, and criminal
laws appropriate for the….

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 Child Rights
 …. and development of the child, equal
protection of the child's civil rights, and
freedom from discrimination on the basis of
the child's race, gender, sexual orientation,
gender identity, national origin, religion,
disability, color, ethnicity, or other
characteristics.

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 Human Rights
 Human rights are rights inherent to all
human beings, regardless of race, sex,
nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or
any other status.

 Human rights include the right to life and

liberty, freedom from slavery and torture,
freedom of opinion and expression, the right
to work and education, and many more.

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Human Rights

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Human Rights

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Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (1948)
 https://
www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declarati
on-of-human-rights

 Article 1 to 30

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 Role of National Human Right
Commission
 Conducting inquiries and investigations into
human rights violations
 Conducting public hearings or inquiries
 Visiting, inspecting and observing any
authority, jail or organization under the
Government and submitting
recommendations to protect human rights

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 Role and Functions of NHRC
 Reviewing the provisions and protection
provided by the Constitution and other laws
and making necessary recommendations for
the effective protection of human rights
 Studying international human rights
treaties and making recommendations to
the Government for effective
implementation of such provisions
 Undertaking and facilitating research in the
area of human rights

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 Role and functions of NHRC
 Undertaking human rights education among
different sections of society and building
awareness on the guarantees of laws for the
protection of human rights
 Encouraging and assisting non-
governmental organizations working in the
field of human rights
 Continuously monitoring the human rights
situation in the country.

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 NHRC
 The Commission is mandated to ensure the
respect, promotion and protection of human
rights, is competent to launch inquiries and
investigations into alleged human rights
violations, and can recommend legal or
departmental action against human rights
violators.

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Basic Principles of National
Human Right

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 Basic Principles of National
Human Right
 Human rights are universal and
unchallengeable; indivisible; interdependent
and interrelated.

 They are universal because everyone is born

with and possesses the same rights,
regardless of where they live, their gender or
race, or their religious, cultural or ethnic
background.
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 Basic Principles of National
Human Right
 The key pillars of the Paris Principles are
pluralism, independence and effectiveness.

 The Paris Principles set out requirements in

relation to:

 Broad mandate, so that NHRIs are able to

promote and protect all human rights

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 Basic Principles of National
Human Right
 Broad functions, so that NHRIs are able to
deliver on their mandate by providing advice,
reporting and monitoring, handling
complaints and human rights education,
among other “responsibilities”
 Independence from government, set out in
legislation or the Constitution
 Pluralism, to ensure that the composition of
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)
reflects the “social forces (of civilian society)
involved in the promotion and protection of 63
 Basic Principles of National
Human Right
 Adequate powers, so that National Human Rights
Institutions (NHRIs) can initiate inquiries and
investigations, gather the evidence and documents
they need, consult with NGOs and State
institutions and publicize their reports, findings
and recommendations.
 Adequate resources, so that NHRIs have the
funding, staffing, infrastructure and institutional
capacity to perform their functions and discharge
their responsibilities

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 Basic Principles of National
Human Right
 Cooperative work, recognizing that effective
human rights work requires National Human
Rights Institutions (NHRIs) to collaborate with
other State institutions, NGOs and civil society
groups.

 International engagement, so that NHRIs can

contribute their knowledge and expertise to
international and regional human rights bodies
and mechanisms.
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 Directive principles of
Constitution of Nepal (2015)
 https://
www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/MONOGRAP
H/100061/119815/F-1676948026/NPL100061
%20Eng.pdf
 Read Page 16-25

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 PART 4
Directive Principles, Policies and
Responsibilities of the State
Nepal
 49. To be the Guiding Principles: (1) The
Directive Principles, Policies and
Responsibilities of the State mentioned in
this Part shall remain as guidelines for the
governance of the State.

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Directive Principles State Nepal
 (2) The State shall mobilize or have it
mobilized, the required resources and
means for the implementation of the
principles, policies and responsibilities
mentioned in this Part.

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 Directive Principles
 These include freedom to live with dignity,
freedom of speech and expression, religious
and cultural freedom, right against
untouchability and discrimination etc.

 Article 48 describes duties of every

Nepalese. It says safeguard the nationality,
sovereignty and integrity of Nepal.

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 Directive Principles:
 Directive Principles: (1) It shall be the
political objective of the State to strengthen a
federal democratic republican system to
ensure an atmosphere where democratic
rights are exercised
 by acknowledging sovereignty, independence
and integrity of the country to be of utmost
importance;
 by protecting freedom, equality, property and
all citizens through rule of law;
 by embracing the norms and values of
fundamental rights and human rights, 70
 Directive Principles:
….gender equality, proportional inclusion,
participation and social justice; and by
maintaining a just system in all spheres of
national life in order to establish a government
system aimed at public welfare, while
maintaining relations between federal units on
the basis of cooperation between them, and
internalizing the principle of inclusion in the
governance system on the basis of local
autonomy and decentralization.

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 Directive Principles: (2)
 Directive Principles: (2) It shall be the socio-
cultural objective of the State to build a
civilized and egalitarian (Classless) society by
ending all forms of discrimination, oppression
and injustice based on religion, culture,
cultural practices, customs, traditional
practices, or on any other grounds; develop
socio-cultural amity.

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 Directive Principles: (2)
…values based on national pride, democracy,
people orientation, dignity of labor,
entrepreneurship, discipline, dignity and
tolerance, by respecting cultural diversity and
maintaining communal harmony, solidarity
and

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 Directive Principles: (3)
 It shall be the economic objective of the
State to make the national economy self-
reliant, independent, and developing it
towards socialism oriented economy with
equitable distribution of resources and
means ……

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 Directive Principles: (3)
…by ending all forms of economic
exploitation and inequality, with maximum
utilization of available resources and means
through the participation of cooperatives, and
public and private sector for sustainable
development, and to build an exploitation-free
society by fair distribution of the
achievements made so far.

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 Directive Principles: (4)
 The international relations of the State shall
be directed towards maintaining
international relations based on sovereign
equality, protecting sovereignty,
independence, territorial integrity and
national interest of the country, and
promoting national prestige in the
international community.

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 Federal Democratic Republic
Nepal State Policies
 Policies regarding national unity and
national security
 Policies regarding political and governance
system
 Policies regarding social and cultural
transformation
 Policies regarding finance, industry and
commerce
 Policies regarding agriculture and land
reform
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 FDRN State policies
 Development policy
 Policy regarding the conservation,
management and use of natural resources
 Policies regarding the basic needs of citizens
 Policies regarding labor and employment
 Policies regarding social justice and
inclusion
 Policies regarding justice and punishment

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 FDRN State policies

 Policies regarding tourism

 Obligation of the Sate
 Submitting report
 Provision regarding monitoring
 Questions not to be raised in court

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 International Professional
Engineering Institutions
 Australia (The Institution of Engineers
Australia)
 Canada (The Canadian Council of
Professional Engineers)
 Chinese Taipei (Chinese Institute of
Engineers)
 Hong Kong China (The Hong Kong
Institution of Engineers)
 India (Institution of Engineers India)
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 Role of International Professional
Engineering Institutions
 Engineers develop new technological solutions.
During the engineering design process, the
responsibilities of the engineer may include
 Defining problems
 Conducting and narrowing research
 Analyzing criteria
 Finding and analyzing solutions, and making
decisions.

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Role of International Professional
Engineering Institutions
 Making plans using detailed drawings
 Preparing estimates and budgets
 Creating accurate project specifications
 Designing engineering experiments
 Creating technical reports for customers
 Completing regulatory documents
concerning safety issues

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 Thank You

 Good Luck !!!

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