Introduction to

Beverages
3rd Week
Grapes
Grapes
Most used grapes in wine
production and their
characteristics
Noble Grapes
• Characteristics, aromas, taste and texture of wine are obtained from
grapes in high proportion.
• Although there are hundreds of grape varieties in the world, 10-20
grape varieties can be counted as the main characteristic.
• There are 18 noble grape varieties in total, red and white.
• The reason why they are called noble is that they are cultivated at the
highest rate in the world and their characteristic structures are
evident.
Red (Noble) Grapes
• - Pinot Noir
• - Grenache
• - Merlot
• - Sangiovese
• - Nebbiolo
• - Tempranillo
• - Cabernet Sauvignon
• - Syrah
• - Malbec
White (Noble) Grapes
• - Pinot Grigio
• - Riesling
• - Sauvignon Blanc
• - Chenin Blanc
• - Moscato ( Misket)
• - Gewurztraminer
• - Semillon
• - Viognier
• - Chardonnay
Concepts Related to Wine
COLOUR
The color of the wines can be used to understand the grapes they are
made from, whether they are aged or not and what kind of food they
are suitable for.
At the same time, usually (not always) the stronger the body of the
wine, the darker its color.
Concepts Related to Wine
BODY
The wine body definition is used to describe the mouthfeel of the
wine.
If the wine is not bodied, it stays in the mouth for a very short time and
its taste is temporary.
If the wine is bodied, it stays in the mouth longer and the characteristic
taste lasts longer.
Body of a wine is very important in food pairings !!!
Pinot Noir
• Pinot Noir is the lightest and most acidic of the red grape varieties.
Pinot Noir with delicate aromas is one of the most planted grapes in
the world.
• It is grown mostly in France, USA, Germany and Italy in the world.
• Pinot Noir grapes are very prone to genetic change, so they can carry
different aromas in each country where they are grown.
• Among the grapes grown in Turkey, "Kalecik Karası" is often described
as our closest grape to Pinot Noir.
Pinot Noir
Pinot Noir Aroma Profile
Dominant Aroma
Fruity Aromas: Berry flavors (Cherry, Raspberry, Rosehip)
Other Aromas
Vanilla, Clove, Mushroom, Wet Leaf, Tobacco, Cola, Caramel
Acidity: Medium-High
Tannin: Low
Service Degree: 17 C
Food Pairings
- Fish Products (Oily fish, salmon, etc.)
- Duck
- Mushrooms
- Creamy Products
- Pizza
- Comte etc. low-fat soft-textured cheeses
 Grenache
Grenache grape is one of the most important grapes in the world,
although it is not well known in our country.
It is produced in large quantities in France, Spain and Italy.
Grenache
Grenache
Dominant Aroma: Berry ( Strawberry, Raspberry)
Other Aromas
Anise, Cinnamon, Tobacco
Acidity:Medium
Tannin: Medium
Service Degree: 18 C
Grenache Food Pairing
• Grenache is a spicy wine in terms of aroma notes. For this reason, it
can be combined with spicy foods without losing the aroma notes.
• - Roast meats
• - Spicy Foods
• - Ethnic Foods
• - Red grilled meats (maillard) etc.
Merlot
• The Merlot grape is one of the most famous grapes by name. It can be
lighter or darker, depending on its construction.
• Although its production is intense in France, it is cultivated in Italy,
USA and Chile in high quantities.
• It is known for its soft tannins in it.
Merlot
Aroma Profile
Dominant Aroma
Plum, Berry ( Cherry, Raspberry)
Other Aromas
Vanilla, Clove, Coffee, Cedar
Acidity: Medium
Tannin: Medium
Food Pairings
Merlots, with their moderate acidity and tannin content, can make a
good match for most foods.
- Chicken foods
- Duck, quail etc poultry
- Pasta with tomato sauce
- Most Vegetable dishes
- Medium soft, medium fat cheeses
Sangiovese
• Produced in Italy, this grape is very open to change and being affected
by terroir, and therefore it has a constantly renewed characteristic.
• It is usually cultivated in countries producing New World Wines,
except Italy.
• It is suitable for making a medium-balanced wine among noble
grapes.
Sangiovese
Sangiovese Aroma Profile
Dominant Aroma
Fig, Plum, Cherry
Other Aromas
Maillard, Terpene, Tobacco, Thyme, Rose
Acidity: High
Tannin: High
Sangiovese Pairings
• Many food pairings can be used in Sangiovese grapes, which are
dominated by fruit notes and high in acidity, which will balance the
acidity and not overshadow the flavors.
• - Oily delicatessen products
• - Fatty and hard cheeses
• - Grilled red meats,
• - Aromatic herbs
Nebbiolo
• The Nebbiolo grape, like Sangioevse, is native to Italy and has intense,
strong and tannic wines.
• Used by new world wineries outside of Italy.
• It is suitable to be aged and kept in a barrel.
Nebbiolo
Dominant Aroma
cherry, rose
Other Aromas
leather, anise, earth
Acidity: Medium-high
Tannin: High
Nebbiolo Pairing
Due to its acidity, it is very suitable for dishes with high cream or oily
sauces.
- Risotto
- Pasta
- Potatoes etc. vegetables
- Yams
- Roast meats and poultry
Tempranillo
Tempranillo is a grape variety native to the Spanish region and is grown
in Portugal, Argentina, the USA and Australia, apart from Spain.
This high bodied wine is suitable for aging.
Tempranillo
Tempranillo
Dominant Aroma
Dried fruits, plums, figs,
Other Aromas
Tomato, cedar, vanilla, clove, dill, leather
Acidity: Medium-Low
Tannin: Medium-high
Food Pairing
With its low acidity and high tannin content, Tempranillo can make
good pairings with strong flavors.
- All delicatessen products, especially pork delicatessen
- Pizza, lasagna, etc. dough and tomato-based sauces
- Smoked flavors
- Barbecue, barbecue type cooked meats
- Spicy foods
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon, one of the most famous grapes in the world, can
be called Cabernet for short.
Cabernet Sauvignon, which belongs to the French region, is a grape
that is highly cultivated in old and new world countries such as Chile,
USA, Italy and Spain.

It is a grape suitable for aging and can carry complex aromas.

Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Sauvignon Aroma Profili
Dominant Aromas: Raisin, blackcurrant, anise
Other Aromas: Tobacco, leaf, ink, wood, cedar, cinnamon, cardamom,
green pepper
Acidity: Medium-high
Tannin: Medium-high
Pairings
Because it is a very balanced wine, cabernet sauvignon can be used
with great harmony in food pairings.
- Fatty and blue-veined cheeses
- Roast and Stews
- Grilled meats
- Meat stock and derivative sauces
- Roast Poultry
Syrah
• Syrah wine is one of the strongest grapes in the body and color
spectrum.
• Its origin is France and it is consumed in high scales in countries such
as Australia, Spain, South Africa and the USA.
• It is a grape suitable for aging.
Syrah
Syrah Aroma Profile
Dominant Aromas: Blackberry, Blueberry,
Other Aromas:
Olive, black pepper, clove, chocolate, allspice, rosemary, smoked, lard,
smoke,
Acidity: Medium
Tannin: Medium
Pairings
• With its full-bodied structure, Syrah pairs well with strong and spicy
flavors.
• -BBQ/ barbecue food
• Smoked products
• Delicatessen
• Fragrant cheeses ( Camamber, Brie, Danish Blue )
• spicy food
Malbec
• Malbec is one of the darkest and strongest wines in the wine
spectrum with its strong body and aroma.
• Although its origin is France, it is mostly produced in Argentina.
• It is suitable for aging.
Malbec
Malbec Aroma Profile
• Dominant Aromas: pomegranate, plum, blueberry, raisin
• Other Aromas: chocolate, coffee, mocha, molasses, tobacco, black
pepper, leather, wood
• Acidity: Medium
• Tannin: Medium
Malbec Pairing
Malbec works very well with the umami flavor and therefore pairs well
with products containing natural umami or fermented. It also has a high
tolerance for strong foods due to its high aroma profile.
- Mushroom foods
- BBQ/ grilled meats
- Lean meats (poultry or game)
- Goat cheese and goat products
- Products with tomato sauce
- Aromatic herbs and spices (thyme, rosemary, cumin, etc.)
White Noble Grapes
White Noble Grapes
• - Pinot Grigio
• - Riesling
• - Sauvignon Blanc
• - Chenin Blanc
• - Moscato ( Misket)
• - Gewurztraminer
• - Semillon
• - Viognier
• - Chardonnay
White Wine Colors
Pinot Grigio
• Pinot Grigio is the grape variety from which the lightest and most
stemless varieties of white wines are produced.
• It can also be called Pinot Gris. The slight difference is that Pinot Gris
is used in France and Pinot Grigio is used for Italian grapes.
• There are basically 3 types of Pinot Grigio:
• - Mineral Sek (Italy, Alpine region)
• - Fruity Sequence (General all Pinot Gris)
• - Fruity Dessert (Pinot Gris produced in the Alsace region)
Pinot Grigio
Pinot Grigio
Pinot Grigio
Pinot Grigio is a grape whose sugar content varies according to the
harvesting period and different wines can be made.
The mineral and dry variety is a very dry and sugar-free wine with high
acidity. Malolactic fermentation is not applied to remove its acidity.
The fruity and dry variety undergoes malolactic fermentation and has a
softer flavor.
Fruity and demi-sec, on the other hand, are more sugary and dense-
textured wines due to the late harvest of grapes. It is native to the
Alsace region of France.
Pinot Grigio Aroma Profile
• Dominant Aromas: Lemon, Green Apple, White Peach
• Other Flavors: Sweetened lemon, honey, clove, ginger, almond
• Acidity: Medium-high or high
• Service rating: 7 C
Pairing
• Due to its high acidity and light flavors, Pinot Gris:
• - with unprocessed fish products such as sushi, sashimi
• - with seafood such as scallops, mussels, oysters
• - With poached fish
• - Parsley, mint, lemon thyme
• - With semi-aromatic cheeses
Pinot Grigio Rose
• Rose is a grape often used in wines, and it is possible to produce many
roses in different color tones depending on the maceration time.
Riesling
• Riesling is a white grape originating from Germany. Currently,
Germany is one of the most important countries in Riesling
production.
• Riesling is planted in high volumes in countries such as France,
Argentina, South Africa, apart from Germany.

• It is suitable for aging.

Riesling
Riesling Aroma Profili
Riesling Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Peach, nectarine, apricot, apple, lime, pineapple
• Other Aromas: Honey, ginger, petroleum, lemon blossom, gasoline
• Acidity: High
• Service Rating: 6
Riesling Yiyecek Eşleşmesi
• - Duck, Pork, Chicken, Shrimp, Lobster, Crab
• - Ginger, Clove, Turmeric, Sesame
• - Goat Cheese, dried fruits
• - Grilled Vegetables
Sauvignon Blanc
• Originating in France, this grape is one of the best known white
grapes by name.
• It is produced in many countries such as New Zealand, USA, Chile,
South Africa.
• Since Sauvignon Blanc is very sensitive to terroir, the taste of
Sauvignon Blancs produced in every country and even in the region is
different from the other.
• It is suitable for aging.
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc Aroma Profili
Sauvignon Blanc Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Lime, green apple, passion fruit, guava, kiwi,
nectarine
• Other Flavors: Green pepper, basil, tarragon, celery, concrete, chalk
• As it ages: Vanilla, Tart, Nutmeg
• Acidity: Medium
• Service Level: 8
Sauvignon Blanc Pairing
• - Aromatic herbs ( Salads, rosemary, parsley, basil, coriander)
• - Chicken, sea bass, sole, crab, lobster
• - Sour Cheeses
• - Legumes,
• - Yoghurt : )
Chenin Blanc
• Originating from South Africa, Chenin Blanc is produced in France and
new world countries.
• It is often used for the production of sweeter demi-dry wine.
• It is also very suitable for the production of sparkling wine.
Chenin Blanc
Chenin Blanc Aroma Profili
Chenin Blanc
• Dominant Aromas: Passion fruit, apple, pear, baked apple, melon,
orange
• Other Aromas: Ginger, honey, jasmine, chamomile, cabbage, sake
• Acidity: Medium-High
• Service Level: 8
Chenin Blanc Yiyecek Eşleşmesi
• - Sweet-sour sauces
• - Turkey, chicken, veal, pork
• - Cinnamon, tarragon, dill, fennel, cumin, cashew,
• - Semi-soft cheeses, cream cheeses, cheddar, goat cheese
• - Cauliflower, Mushrooms, Corn, Spring Onions
Moscato ( Misket)
• Moscato grapes, which originate from Anatolian lands, are produced
in countries such as France, Italy, Australia, Israel and Greece.
• A slightly colored red wine can be produced from White, Rose and
only one variety (Black marble).
• It is very suitable for sweet wine making, so many types of wine that
can be served with dessert can be made from marbles.
Muscato
Muscat Aroma Profili
Muscat Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Orange, orange blossom, lemon, pear,
honeysuckle
• Other Flavors: Mint, tropical flavors, strawberry, caramel
• Acidity: Low-Medium
• Service Rating: 6
Muscat Yiyecek Eşleşmesi
• - Asian dishes, fermented sauces
• - Chicken, Duck, Pig, Flat Fish
• - Basil, mint, cloves, peanuts, coriander, cashews
• - Hard Cheeses
• - Carrot, Green Pepper, Orange
Gewurztraminer
• Originating in France, this grape is also produced in countries such as
Germany, Austria, USA and New Zealand.
• It is suitable for aging and aroma development gives good results as it
ages.
• It is very similar in profile to nutmeg but with lower acidity and
dominant aromas.
Gewurztraminer
Gewurztraminer
Gewurztraminer Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Lychee, pineapple, grapefruit, peach, apricot
• Other Aromas: Rose, honey, allspice, cinnamon
• Acidity: Low
• Service Rating: 6
Gewurztraminer Yiyecek Eşleşmesi
• - tropical fruits
• - Green curry, Thai food
• - Duck, chicken, pork, bacon
• - Cloves, cinnamon, ginger, pepper, bay leaf, almond, sesame
• - Low-flavor, hard-textured cheeses
• - Grilled vegetables, zucchini, peppers, carrots
Semillon
• Semillon is a wine originating from France. Apart from France, it is
cultivated in high volumes in the new world countries, South Africa
and the USA.
• Reminiscent of Chardonnay in taste and aroma profile.
• Semillons grown in cold and hot climates can carry different aromas.
• It is suitable for aging.
Semillon
Semillon Aroma Profili
Semillon Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Lemon, lime, grapefruit, apple, pear, papaya,
mango
• Other Aromas: Lanolin (wet wool), honeysuckle, beeswax, saffron, fig
• When aged: Wood, smoked, butter, popcorn
• Acidity: Medium
• Service Level: 8
Semillon Yiyecek Eşleştirmesi
• Mildly spicy foods
• - Chicken, Turkey, Whole Fish
• - Dill, chives, star anise, fennel
• - Hard and fatty cheeses such as gruyere and cheddar
• - Leeks, Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes, Pumpkin
Viognier
• Originating from Southern France, Viognier is a very strong white
grape with high aroma and dominant taste notes.
• Apart from France, it is also produced in Australia, USA, Italy, South
Africa, Argentina and Chile.
• It is suitable for aging.
Viognier
Viognier Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Mandarin, peach, rose, mango, honeysuckle
• Other Aromas: Vanilla, Nutmeg, Clove
• As it ages: Caramel, Honey, Wood, Smoked
• Acidity: Low
• Service Level: 11-12
Viognier Yiyecek Eşleşmesi
• - Medium spicy foods
• - Oven/grilled chicken, turkey dishes, veal, duck
• - Lemon, orange, allspice, chives, lemongrass, sage
• - Apricot, papaya, passion fruit, pumpkin
• - Cheeses like Brie, camamber
Chardonnay
• Chardonnay, the homeland of France and Germany, is the most well-
known white wine in the world.
• With its intense aroma, high body and balanced finish among white
wines, Chardonnay is one of the most cultivated grapes in the world.
• Chardonnay, which is suitable for aging, may leave a greasy feeling
after aging.
Chardonnay
Chardonnay Aroma Profili
• Dominant Aromas: Pineapple, pear, apple, fig, jasmine
• Other Aromas: Celery leaf, almond, lemon peel, beeswax
• When aged: Butter, vanilla, tart dough, coconut, cream, caramel sauce
• Acidity: Medium-low
• Service rating: 8-12
Chardonnay Tat Eşleşmesi
• - Sole, angler, turbot, scallops, oysters, shellfish, chicken, turkey, pork
• - Tarragon, parsley, lemon peel
• - Mild/Medium spicy dishes
• - Goat cheese
• - Peas, asparagus, artichokes, mushrooms, almonds, cashews
Wine Terms
Alcohol Content
• Wines can have different degrees of alcohol from 5% to 23%. The type
of wine, the type of grape, the stages of production and subsequent
processing can all affect the alcohol content.
• Wines with less than 10% alcohol content are called low alcohol
wines. (Some white and sparkling wines)
• Wines with an alcohol content of 10-15% are called medium alcohol
wines. (Most red wines)
• Wines with an alcohol content of 15% or more are called high-alcohol
wines. (Dessert wines, maderia, malbec etc.)
Alcohol Volume
Decanting
• Decanting is the aeration process to reveal the aroma and flavor of
the wine.
• Decanting is necessary for most red wines, but not so much for white
wines, but for some aged wines.

• Various carafes can be used for decantation. This allows the wine to
aerate more easily.
• Generally, the thicker the wine, the longer it needs to be decanted,
which can take between 20 minutes and 2 hours.
Decanting
Kupaj / Monosepaj
• Cupping is the name given to wines made from 2 or more grapes.
• Monocepage is the name given to wines made from only one grape.