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Chapter10 Photosynthesis
Chapter10 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Figure 10.1
Mesophyll
CO2 O2
Stomata
Figure 10.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chloroplasts
– Are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs
– Contain thylakoids and grana Mesophyll
Chloroplast
5 µm
Outer
membrane
1 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific
Inquiry
• Photosynthesis is summarized as
Figure 10.4
H2O CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
+ P
LIGHT CALVIN
REACTIONS CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
[CH2O]
O2
Figure 10.5 (sugar)
Visible light
Light
Reflected
Light
Chloroplast
Absorbed Granum
light
Transmitted
light
Figure 10.7
1 0 100
4
0 100
RESULTS
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Absorption of light by
chloroplast pigments
Carotenoids
(a) Absorption spectra. The three curves show the wavelengths of light best absorbed by
three types of chloroplast pigments.
Figure 10.9
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The action spectrum of a pigment
– Profiles the relative effectiveness of different
wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis
(measured by O2 release)
Rate of photosynthesis
(b) Action spectrum. This graph plots the rate of photosynthesis versus wavelength.
The resulting action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll
a but does not match exactly (see part a). This is partly due to the absorption of light
by accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The action spectrum for photosynthesis
– Was first demonstrated by Theodor W. Engelmann
Aerobic bacteria
Filament
of alga
CONCLUSION Light in the violet-blue and red portions of the spectrum are most effective in driving
photosynthesis.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chlorophyll a
– Is the main photosynthetic pigment
CH3 in chlorophyll a
• Chlorophyll b CH2
CHO in chlorophyll b
CH H CH3
C O O
O CH3
CH2
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts: H atoms not
shown
Figure 10.10
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground
Photon Chlorophyll state
molecule
Figure 10.11 A
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• If an isolated solution of chlorophyll is
illuminated
– It will fluoresce, giving off light and heat
Figure 10.11 B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A Photosystem: A Reaction Center Associated with
Light-Harvesting Complexes
Photon Photosystem
STROMA
Light-harvesting Reaction Primary election
complexes center acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
e–
NADPH
El
Tra ectro
O2 [CH2O] (sugar) ns n
ch p o r
ai n t
Primary
acceptor 7
Primary
E l ec 4
acceptor tron
tran Fd
Pq sp o rt c
2 h ai n e 8
H2O e e–
NADP+
Cytochrome
2 H+ NADP + + 2 H+
complex
+ reductase
3
O2 NADPH
PC
e–
+ H+
e– 5 P700
Light
1 P680 Light
ATP
Photosystem-I
Photosystem II
Figure 10.13 (PS II)
(PS I)
e–
ATP
e– e–
NADPH
e –
e–
e –
Mill
on
makes
Phot
ATP
e–
n
P h o to
Photosystem II Photosystem I
Figure 10.14
Pq NADP+
NADP+
reductase
Cytochrome NADPH
complex
Pc
ATP Photosystem I
Photosystem II
Figure 10.15
MITOCHONDRION CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
H+ Diffusion
Intermembrance Thylakoid
space Electron space
Membrance transport
chain
ATP
Synthase Stroma
Matrix
ADP+ P
ATP
H+
Figure 10.16
• ATP synthase
– Uses this proton-motive force to make ATP
NADPH + H+
Pq
Pc
2
H2O 1
⁄2 O 2
THYLAKOID SPACE 1 2 H+
+2 H+
(High H+ concentration)
To
Calvin
cycle
ATP
Thylakoid synthase
STROMA membrane ADP
(Low H+ concentration) ATP
P
H+
Figure 10.17
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and
NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
– Reduction
O2
Rubisco
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P P
Short-lived
intermediate 6 P
3 P P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP
6 ADP
3 ADP CALVIN
CYCLE 6 P P
3 ATP
1,3-Bisphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of 6 NADPH+
the CO2 acceptor 6 P
(RuBP) 5 P
(G3P) 6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction
1 P
G3P Glucose and
Figure 10.18 (a sugar) other organic
Output compounds
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Concept 10.4: Alternative mechanisms of
carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid
climates
Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C)
Vein ADP
(vascular tissue)
Malate (4 C) ATP
C4 leaf anatomy
Bundle- Pyruate (3 C)
Sheath
cell CO2
Stoma
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Vascular
tissue
Figure 10.19
Sugarcane Pineapple
C4 CAM
CO2 CO2
Mesophyll Cell
Night
Organic acid 1 CO2 incorporated Organic acid
Bundle- into four-carbon
sheath organic acids
(carbon fixation) Day
cell
(a) Spatial separation (b) Temporal separation
of steps. In C4 CALVIN 2 Organic acids CALVIN of steps. In CAM
plants, carbon fixation CYCLE release CO2 to CYCLE plants, carbon fixation
and the Calvin cycle Calvin cycle and the Calvin cycle
occur in different occur in the same cells
Sugar Sugar
Figure 10.20 types of cells. at different times.
Light
NADP+
ADP
+P1
RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
ATP G3P
NADPH Starch
(storage)
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Chloroplast
O2 Sucrose (export)
Calvin cycle reactions:
Light reactions:
• Take place in the stroma
• Are carried out by molecules in the
• Use ATP and NADPH to convert
thylakoid membranes
CO2 to the sugar G3P
• Convert light energy to the chemical
energy of ATP and NADPH • Return ADP, inorganic phosphate,
• Split H2O and release O2 to the and
Figure 10.21 NADP+ to the light reactions
atmosphere