AISC-The Material Steel

Title Slide
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :
The Material Steel
STEEL
S T E E L
American Institute of Steel Construction1

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture PRODUCTION TEAM College of Architecture
UNC - Charlotte
Project Director David Thaddeus, AIA
Slide Design & Graphics Deborah J. Arbes, RA
Production Assistants Jennifer August

Brittany Eaker
Kathy Phillips
IT Coordination Matt Parker
Photography David Thaddeus, AIA

Nate Robb
Software PowerPoint
S T E E L
Photoshop
For additional information,

please contact: David Thaddeus, AIA, Associate Professor
College of Architecture, Thaddeus@email.uncc.edu
UNC-Charlotte
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The Material Steel | CREDITS
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Acknowledgements
 This project was made possible through funding from the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
with support from the College of Architecture at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte
 Special thanks to the following people at AISC for their support and help over the duration of the project:
Fromy Rosenberg, PE, Director, AISC University Programs
Megan Maurer, Coordinator, AISC University Programs
 The following people have my sincere gratitude for serving on the Focus Group and offering their
comments and feedback in the development of this project :
Kurt Baumgartner, AIA, JIA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Terri Meyer Boake, Associate Professor, University of Waterloo
Thomas Fowler, Associate Professor, California Polytechnic State University
Harry Kaufman, PE, NCARB, Professor, Southern Polytechnic State University
Kemp Mooney, Kemp Mooney Architects
S T E E L
Tim Mrozowski, AIA, Professor, Michigan State University

Ryan Smith, Assistant Professor, University of Utah
 The following AISC members have provided invaluable insight into the content of this teaching aid:
Ron Bruce, PE, President, Builders Steel Company, North Kansas City, MO
Lawrence Kruth, PE, Engineering & Safety Manager, Douglas Steel, Lansing, MI
David McKenzie, PE, Vice President - Engineering, SP International, North Kansas City, MO
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The Material Steel | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Terms
 The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a non-profit technical

institute and trade association established in 1921 to serve the structural steel
design community and construction industry in the United States.
 AISC is offering this teaching aid and learning tool for educational purposes only.
The data and information in this presentation is not intended for use in the
physical construction of steel structures.
 The information presented here is considered public information and as such may
be distributed or copied. The use of appropriate credit to for images, byline,
animations, and content is requested.
 We hope that you and your students will find this information useful.
S T E E L
 Please contact Fromy Rosenberg (rosenberg@aisc.org) for further information

on AISC or for feedback on this teaching / learning product.
 Please contact David Thaddeus (thaddeus@email.uncc.edu) for questions or
comments on the content of this project.
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The Material Steel | TERMS
Module I

Contents:
Overview

CONTENTS
 The Material Facts

 Chemical Composition
 Production
Clinical Sciences Research,  Structural Properties
Stanford University . Palo Alto, California
Sir Norman Foster  Terminology
 Profiles in Steel
 Protection of Steel Members
S T E E L
 Appropriate Technology / Sustainability of Steel
The de Menil Collection Museum

Houston, Texas
Renzo Piano
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The Material Steel | CONTENTS
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | The Material Facts
 Steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield, England, know as “crucible steel”
in was very pure, but difficult and expensive to produce.
 British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical steel in 1856.
 Today steel is produced in over 50 countries all across the world.
 To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10 tons of steel
are produced.
 In 2003, China was the first country to produce more than 200 million tons of crude
steel in a year (more than 20% of the world’s steel is produced in China).
 China is the world’s largest consumer of steel (cars, general industry, construction…)
 The United States and China are the largest importers of steel.
 Japan is the largest exporter of steel.
 Steel is the world’s most recycled material. Steel is recycled mostly from junk cars
(3-400,000 cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America ).
 More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled steel.
S T E E L
 Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled.

 Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building materials.
 A small amount of steel can do load-carrying tasks with a fraction of the material
needed from other materials such as concrete or wood.
 Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore handles longer spans,
and produces lighter structures with the greatest economy.
 Steel can be found in fasteners (nails…), structural components, rebar,
sheet-metal, appliances, cars, ships, …
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The Material Steel | THE MATERIAL FACTS
Steel | Chemical Composition
Wrought Iron Steel Cast Iron

< 0.2 % Carbon 0.2 - 2 % Carbon < 3 - 4 % Carbon
Soft & Malleable + Hard & Brittle
Controlled amounts of:
Manganese, Phosphorous
Silicon, Sulfur, Oxygen
Mild Steel
0.2 - 0.25 % Carbon
Combinations of:
Medium Steel
0.25 - 0.45 % Carbon
Carbon Steel + Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,
Molybdenum, Nickel,
S T E E L
Hard Steel Tungsten, Vanadium

0.45 - 0.85 % Carbon
Alloy Steel
Spring Steel Stainless Steel
0.85 - 1.85 % Carbon Weathering Steel
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The Material Steel | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | Chemical Composition
 Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and Manganese (<1%).
It also contains small amounts of Phosphorous, Silicon,
Sulfur and Oxygen
 Carbon Steel these chemical elements are controlled

to provide consistent quality and grade of steel
Carbon content greatly affects the properties of steel
More Carbon increases : strength, hardness, corrosion-resistance
More Carbon decreases : malleability, ductility, and weldability
The amount of Carbon does NOT affect the Modulus of Elasticity (E)
of the Steel
 Alloy Steel is Carbon Steel to which one or more chemical

elements have been added to achieve certain physical or chemical
S T E E L
properties
Stainless Steel
Adding 15-18% Chromium and 7-8% Nickel produces
Cor-Ten Steel Sculpture corrosion-resistant steel
By Richard Serra
Museum of Modern Art Weathering Steel (Cor-Ten Steel)
Fort Worth, TX Adding Copper and Phosphorous creates a steel that forms an oxide coating,
rust, that adheres to the base metal and prevents further corrosion
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Module 1 | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | Production
 Iron ore constitutes 5% of earth’s crust, 70% of earth’s core is iron.
 U.S. has roughly 25% of world coal supply.
 Steel is heated to molten state to remove oxides

 Three Types of Production Furnaces:
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF)
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF)
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
 Whether BOF or EAF all steel is recycled back into steel, so although
BOF has a lower % of recycled steel, it is still as environmentally friendly.
 Refining is the addition of alloys to obtain certain characteristics
in the steel:
Molybdenum- strength.
S T E E L
Manganese- resistance to abrasion and impact.

Vanadium- strength and toughness.
Nickel and chromium- toughness, stiffness and corrosion resistance.
 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.
 Casting: Liquid steel is cast into semi-finished products; billet, blooms
 By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills.
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The Material Steel | PRODUCTION
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF):

 Discontinued in USA due to OSHA and EPA regulations,
it wasted energy and manpower.
 Last Open Hearth Furnace in U.S. was closed down in 1980s.
 Extreme heat burned out impurities in iron.
 Accepts variable amounts of scraps (20-80%) .
 3000°F minimum temperature required, 10 hours to accomplish.
S T E E L
 Worldwide, 3.6% of steel produced in 2003 was OHF.
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The Material Steel | PRODUCTION
Steel | Structural Properties
 Ductile, absorbs energy
 Steel buildings are light and therefore require
Charles de Gaulle Airport smaller foundations than heavier building materials.
Paris . France
 Steel is a lightweight solution that is
strong enough to allow for longer spans.
 Quick erection.
 Flexibility, Strength, Durability, Functionality.
S T E E L
 Shop Fabrication reduces on-site work down to

the assembly and the erection of frame only.
 Shop Fabrication reduces on-site weather delays.

 Less time on construction site reduces cost.
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The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
Structural
Properties:

Overview
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture  Steel is consistent, isotropic and homogenous.
 Density 490 LBS./ FT 3 or 0.25 LB. / IN 3
(concrete: 144 LBS./ FT 3 or 0.08 LB./ IN 3,
wood: 35 - 40 LBS. / FT 3 )
 Steel is capable of precise tolerances and with proper
detailing will provide an exceptionally tight building
envelope.
 Minimum on-site waste.
 Strong and stiff for very little weight.
S T E E L
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The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
S T E E L STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY
Steel | Terminology
Hot Rolled
Cold Formed
The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel | Terminology
Coping
Flange : Bending
Web : Shear
S T E E L
Reduced Beam Section – RBS

(Dogbone)
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Fabricator
Steel | Terminology

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Detailer
Shear Studs
Steel | Terminology

Camber
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Fillet Weld Groove Weld Puddle Weld

S T E E L
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Cross Bridging Horizontal Bridging

S T E E L
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Erector

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STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS)
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture  Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel lends itself naturally
to sustainable building.
 AESS avoids additional finishes and, therefore, saves
the energy which would have been used to produce
and transport those finishes.
 Using steel whenever possible increases the amount
of recyclable content in building.
 Using Bolted connections vs. Welded
makes disassembly / re-use easier.
 The integration of structural and mechanical components
which is facilitated by AESS can save building materials.
Besides being structural, Hollow Steel Sections (HSS)
can also convey hot water and therefore contribute to the
heating or plumbing of the building.
S T E E L
 The finish color used on the AESS system can enhance

reflectance, reducing lighting and thus saving A/C.
 Use of steel and glass atria for natural light (a design
feature common in AESS buildings) can also reduce the
demand for artificial lighting and in turn A/C demand.
 The high visibility of an AESS system demands a very
high level of attention to the detailing of the steel members,
their finishes and their connections.
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STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Steel | Profiles in Steel
Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Applications Remarks
Strengths
Wide Flange W 12 x 50 12 : Nominal depth W 4 – W 44 Bending Beams 3/8”< tf < 2”

50 : Weight / Lin. Ft. 9 #/ft – 30 #/ft Compression Columns 1/4”< tw < 5”
Bearing Piles HP 14 x 102 14 : Nominal depth HP 8 – HP 14 Compression Piles tw = tf < 1”

102 : Weight / Lin.Ft. 36 - 117 #/ft Bearing
American S 15 x 50 15 : Nominal Depth S 3 - S 24 Beams Flanges

Standard 50 : Weight / Lin. Ft. 5.7 - 121 #/ft Bending Columns slope at 2:12
(I-beam)
Not as
S T E E L
stable as
W-shapes
M-Shapes M 14 x 18 14 : Nominal depth M 5-M 14 Bending Beams Smaller

18 : Weight / Lin. Ft. 4.4-18 #/ft Columns members
that are
not W,
HP, S
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The Material Steel | PROFILES IN STEEL
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Applications Remarks
Strengths
American C 10 x 30 10: Actual depth C3 - C15

Standard 30: Weight / Lin. Ft. 4.1 - 50 #/ft
Channel
 Tension  Bracing  Nominal

 Compression  Lintels Depth =
 Bending  Stairs Actual Depth
Miscellaneous MC 13 x 50 13: Actual depth MC 6-18
 Trusses  No torsional
Channels 50: Weight / Lin. Ft. 6.5 - 58 #/ft
strength
S T E E L
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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Applications Remarks
Strengths
Structural Tees: WT 5 x 9.5 5: Nominal depth WT2 - WT18; Compression Bracing Split W -
Cut from W MT 5 x 4.5 9.5, 4.5, 12.7: 4.5 - 179.5 #/ft Tension Trusses shape
Cut from M ST 5 x 12.7 Weight/Linear Ft. Bending Lintels lengthwise
Cut from S MT2.5 – MT7;
2.2 - 9.45 #/ft
ST1.5 – ST12;
2.85 - 60.5 #/ft
Equal L 4 x 4 x 1/2 4 : Leg size L 1 x 1 x 1/8-

Leg Angle ½”: Leg thickness L 8 x 8 x 1 1/8
S T E E L
Compression Bracing t = 1/8” –

Tension Trusses
Unequal L 6 x 4 x 1/2 6: Long leg L 2 1/2 x 2 x 3/16 Bending t = 1- 1/8”
Lintels
Leg Angle 4: Short leg - L 9 x 4 x 5/8 Connections
½”: Leg thickness
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Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Applications Remarks

Strengths
Square 4 x 4 x 1/2 4” each side 2 x 2 x 3/16 – Compression Columns Stable

½” thickness 8 x 8 x 5/8 Tension Trusses Good in
t: 3/16” - 5/8” Braces Torsion
Rectangular 20 x 12 x 5/8 20” side 3 x 2 x 3/16 – Compression Columns

12” side 20 x 12 x 5/84 Tension Trusses
S T E E L
5/8” thickness t: 3/16” - 5/8” Braces
Pipes  Standard ½” -12” diameter Compression Columns Stable

 Extra Strong 6” Φ Extra ½” -12” diameter Tension Trusses Good in
 Double Extra 2 ”- 8” diameter Braces Torsion
Strong .
Strong
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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel | Fire Protection
Objective:
To maintain structural integrity for a specified

period of time to allow the evacuation of
occupants and secure access for firefighters.
 Fire resistance is expressed in units of time it takes
the structural member to reach failure by heating.
 Steel loses its integrity at 500°C (~930°F), and
most of its strength at 600°C (1100°F).
 Lighter steel sections will require more fire protection
than thicker sections since heavier sections will heat
S T E E L
up at a slower rate.
 Steel sections that are in contact with concrete take

longer to heat up than ones without contact.
 The thickness of fire protection material dictates its
fire rating and the protection time it delivers.
 Light gauge steel products heat up very quickly.
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The Material Steel | FIRE PROTECTION
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY  Most fire protection systems can provide
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture up to 4 hours (non-combustible) including
intumescent paints.
 Fire protection systems are determined by appearance,

durability, cost, ease of installation, finish quality, surface
preparation needed, and speed of application.
 Steel that is to be fire protected should not be painted or

galvanized in order to adhere straight to the base metal.
 Minimum fire-resistance ratings for primary and

secondary structural members is provided in
Building Codes and is based on Occupancy and
Type of Construction.
 The total area and weight of a building determines

S T E E L
its Building Type.
 Most multi-story steel frames are Type I or

Type II - non combustible.
 Primary structural members include: columns,

beams, girders, trusses and other structural
members directly connected to columns.
Charles de Gaulle Airport
Paris . France
26
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Material Information Appearance Installation Quality Surface Cost Fire
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Preparation (Relative) Rating
SPRAYED Sprayed Fire Resistant Materials (SFRM) | Two Types: Reactive and Non-Reactive
Non-reactive  May be used  Not typically  Easy to cover  Care must be  Applied to  $  Up to
exposed aesthetically complex taken to unpainted 4 hrs.
 Overspray acceptable in areas/details achieve even steel  1 hr.
Mineral Fiber public areas  Must mask application per inch
(Dry)  Can be adjacent
& troweled areas increasing
thickness
Cementitious  Very Messy adds
durability
(Wet) but also
 Interferes with
weight
other trades
Reactive  Provides  Thin coat  Brush or  Limited fire-  Steel  $$  Up to
insulation by allows steel spray applied. protection preparation to 1 Hr.
expanding and profile to  Easy to cover duration may be (standard)
providing “char” retain detail necessary $$$
Thin-film and remain detail (around
of low heat pipes, etc.)  Can
Intumescent conductivity aesthetically
S T E E L
pleasing  Easy to repair achieve

Paint  Kicks in at 4 Hrs.,
 Wet trade
200°-250°,  attractive but is
&  Must have
way before decorative costly
Epoxy Base steel starts finishes are proper
Intumescent to fail available atmosphere  Thicker
Industrial conditions at = more
 Thickness: time of
Application  Epoxy Base passes
0.03” – 0.4” application = more
has course  Overspray
 Epoxy Base texture cost
Up to 1” thick must be
considered
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STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Material Information Appearance Installation Quality Surface Cost Fire
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Preparation (Relative) Rating
Gypsum  Non-reactive  Acceptable  Dry  Uniform  Applied to  $$  Up to

Board (no wet mess) thickness unfinished steel 4 Hrs.
 Clean, boxed assures
appearance  Difficult in the quality  ½” =
can be left small / detailed of the rating 1 hr.
unfinished in areas.  Typical for
unseen areas columns
 Slower than
or finished less usual
some other
where visible for beams
methods
Blanket  Non-reactive  Unsightly  Dry. No effect  Uniform  Applied to  $  1-2

(needs to be on other thickness unfinished steel Hrs.
Insulation
hidden) trades
Concrete  Less popular  Same as  Typical  Unsurpassed

 Applied to  $$$  varies
S T E E L
today with the concrete or construction Durability unfinished steel with

Encasing methods
introduction concrete thick-
of lighter fire block  lost space  Weatherability ness
protection construction due to
materials massiveness
 adds
significant
weight to the
structure
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STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Additional Fireproofing Methods
 Water and antifreeze for Hollow Steel Section (HSS)
 Metal flame shields.
 Filling HSS with concrete increases their compressive ability while also providing fire protection.
- Plain concrete fill (1-2 hours), steel yields after 20-30 minutes, then concrete
takes over, concrete can only last so long, then cracks and collapses.
- Adding steel fiber to concrete (2-3 hours) helps carry compression loads longer.
- Adding rebar (2-3 hours).
S T E E L
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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel | Corrosion Protection
Objective:
To protect structural integrity from the
environmental forces, which act over time,
to deteriorate the individual members of the system.
 Plain steel corrodes quickly in moist environments.

 Corrosion of steel does not occur if relative humidity
<60%; at 70% relative humidity corrosion is accelerated.
 Corrosion (oxidation) is an electrochemical reaction that
oxidizes the iron in steel, commonly called rust.
S T E E L
 This makes the steel look unsightly.

 It eventually makes steel thinner, vulnerable to water infiltration,
it spalls, loses its structural strength, gradually disintegrates,
and ultimately fails.
 When a metal oxidizes, it reverts to its natural, lower energy state.
 Zinc is a less noble metal than steel, but corrodes at a slower rate .
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The Material Steel | CORROSION PROTECTION
Internal Alloying
 Involves altering the composition of the steel alloy to include nickel, chromium and other
corrosion resistant elements.
 This results in stainless steel or weathering steel (weathering steel forms a tight
oxide layer that adheres to the base metal and protects it).
 This method of protection (internal alloying) is more expensive than painting or

metallic coating.
S T E E L
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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Barrier Protection
Paint
 Is a barrier protection system.
 Not impervious to moisture infiltration.
 Scratches and thus loses its protection ability.
 Weather conditions affect application.
Metal Coating: Zinc, Aluminum (anodizing)

 Cheap, easy to apply by dipping (easy to coat
details), maintenance free.
S T E E L
 Barrier protection system that is impermeable.

 Metallic zinc coating has good adhesion to
base metal, abrasion and corrosion resistance.
 Zinc is a reactive material which will eventually
corrode and erode away.
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 Galvanized protection is proportional to its
thickness and corrosion rate.
 Steel is protected by the sacrificial corrosion
of the zinc layer ( 1/10 the rate of steel
corrosion).
 If scratched, adjacent steel will not corrode.
 Twice the coating thickness will result in twice
the protection.
 Amount of protection also depends on the
environment in which the steel will be used
(industrial atmospheres, marine, soil, near
chemicals…).
S T E E L
 Galvanizing is done in a factory where quality

is consistent and work is independent of the
weather.
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Surface Preparation and Hot-Dipping:
 Surface preparation is essential for
any barrier protection to be effective.
 Steel surface may be prepared by:
Caustic cleaning - removes organic

contaminants such as dirt, oil, etc
by dipping in a hot alkali solution.
Pickling - removes scale and rust
by dipping in an acid solution.
Fluxing - removes oxides and
prevents further oxidation.
S T E E L
 If surface is not clean, zinc will not

metallurgically react with the steel.
 Unclean areas will come out uncoated
from hot-dip process.
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 Hot dipping involves complete immersion of

member in 98% molten (840°F) zinc.
 The molten zinc reacts with steel to form a
series of alloy layers.
 Members are entirely coated on all surfaces
including all details.
 Hot-dip galvanizing metallurgically binds the
zinc coating to the base metal and provides
protection from corrosive environments.
 Hot-dip galvanizing of hollow steel sections
(tubes and pipes) will coat both inside and
S T E E L
outside allowing indoor / outdoor use.
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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Steel | Sustainability
 Steel is the most recycled product in the world.
 Changes in the processes of steel production
have reduced energy demands. The use of
continuous casting eliminates energy demands
for re-heat treatment of steel.
 Steel buildings and other products are
consistently salvaged and recycled.
Concrete is crushed and used as road fill;
rebar is recycled.
 Although steel is locally manufactured, not all
raw ingredients for B.O.F. are locally extracted.
S T E E L
 Four R’s of sustainability:

Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, and Restore.
 Steel producers are constantly striving to reduce
emissions into air and water, and in general to soften
the impact on the world environment.
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The Material Steel | SUSTAINABILITY
 Recycling steel is done for economic reasons in addition to the environmental benefits.
 Most steel products (cars, appliances, bridges, buildings…) have longevity of use and
so there is a shortage of steel to recycle.
 Since the supply of steel for recycling is less than demand, raw materials for B.O.F.
continue to be mined.
S T E E L
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 Once a steel appliance is melted down,
it may find new life as a steel column, a
can of soup, a car, or an appliance again.
 Environmental efficiency of materials

is analyzed according to the LEED
performance standard or embodied
energy (life cycle inventory) approach
(cradle to grave and cradle to cradle).
 Efficiency of material recycling can be

measured either by recycled content
or reclamation rate (number of times
it is recycled).
S T E E L
 Magnetic properties of steel permit easy

separation from other building materials
after demolition.
The De Menil Collection Museum . Houston, Texas
Renzo Piano
38
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture  The North American steel industry has been recycling steel scrap for 150 years through
1800 scrap processors and 12000 auto-dismantling facilities.
 Whether B.O.F. or E.A.F. product, steel is recycled into other steel.
 Steel products have an endless life through infinite recovery cycles without losing
workability or strength and so may be a perfect application of “cradle to cradle” concept.
 Re-using steel could be through disassembly for later re-assembly, or through re-use
on another project or through re-melting in a furnace.
S T E E L
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Steel that is to be re-used may be tested

for yield strength or carbon content.
Chemical tests are also used to verify

the weld-ability of recycled steel.
Through the use of smaller and lighter

members for longer spans than other
materials, steel will reduce the building
section and thus the sizes of mechanical
systems needed.
S T E E L
Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford University . Palo Alto, California

Sir Norman Foster
40
 In some instances, using a steel frame instead

of a concrete frame will result in half the dead
load and half the foundation weight.
 Steel is a green building product.
 In general, it is often more economical to salvage
a building rather than sending it to the landfill.
 Steel industry accounts for 6% (approximately
45 Billion M Watts) of total electrical energy
consumption in U.S.
S T E E L
 Since 1999, construction of all new federal facilities

must apply sustainable design principles.

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a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Recycling Facts and Figures
 70 Million tons of steel recycled annually.
 60% of which was derived from
construction.
 400 Million tons worldwide.
 1.5 x all other recycled material.
 1 ton recycled steel saves:

2500 lbs iron ore
1400 lbs coal
120 lbs limestone
S T E E L
 LEED:
Commercial construction produces
2-2.5 lbs solid waste / sq.ft. in demolition.
This may be recycled or re-used.
Nasher Sculpture Center . Dallas, Texas

Peter Walker, Landscape Architect
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STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY Improved Production Methods
 Early Recycling Processes: 100 tons of raw material yielded 60 tons steel.
Current Recycling Processes: 100 tons of raw material yielded 90 tons steel.
 B.O.F. 25-35% scraps. E.A.F. 90 -100% scraps.
 In 2003: 60.2% steel cans, 102.8% cars, 89.7% appliances,

96% structural steel members, 60% rebar were recycled.
 Total 70.7% of all steel products are recycled.
 In U.S. most structural shapes and rebars are produced in E.A.F.

HSS are produced in B.O.F.
S T E E L
Cy Twombly Gallery
Houston, Texas
Renzo Piano
43
Nasher Sculpture Center

Dallas, Texas
Renzo Piano
USGBC - US Green Building Council
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

S T E E L
 LEED is a performance, not a descriptive standard.

 Most widely used green building rating in U.S.
 69 possible points
Platinum 52+
Gold 39-51
Silver 33-38
Certified 26-32
(not much cost in securing ‘Certified’ level)
44
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY LEED Core Categories
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture • Sustainable Sites 14
credits possible
Local ecology, near public transport,
reduction of
commuting by car.
• Water Efficiency 5
credits possible
Buildings account for 1/6 fresh water
consumption
water efficient fixtures reduce this
amount.
• Energy and Atmosphere 17

credits possible
Renewable and green power
S T E E L
sources.
• Materials and Resources 13

credits possible
Conserve raw materials and
resources (fossil fuels)
Clinical Sciences Research,
Stanford University . Palo Alto, California Steel contributes most to this
Sir Norman Foster
category.
45
• The
Indoor Environmental
Material Quality 15
Steel | SUSTAINABILITY
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY LEED Core Categories
a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Sustainable Sites - 14 credits possible

Local ecology, near public transport, reduction of
commuting by car.
 Water Efficiency - 5 credits possible
Buildings account for 1/6 fresh water
consumption
water efficient fixtures reduce this
amount.
 Energy and Atmosphere - 17 credits
possible
Renewable and green power
sources.
S T E E L
 Materials and Resources - 13 credits

possible
Conserve raw materials and
resources (fossil fuels)
Steel contributes most to this
category.
Clinical Sciences Research,
Stanford University . Palo Alto, California
Sir Norman Foster
 Indoor Environmental Quality - 15
credits possible
Air quality, thermal comfort, daylight. 46
Materials and Resources

2: Building Re-use
The Clark Center, Stanford University
Palo Alto, California
Conservation of existing resource, Sir Norman Foster
no environmental impacts from transportation,
steel buildings more likely than others for re-use,
S T E E L
easy and cheap retro fits for adaptive re-use.

Encourages use of existing materials over new materials
saves cost of added manufacturing energy
High recycled content.
Materials to be manufactured within 500 miles of fabricator.
Raw materials extracted within 500 miles of site (fabricator).
47
the end
The Material Steel | The American Institute of Steel Construction

48

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Title Slide

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Steel

American Institute of Steel Construction1

Project Director David Thaddeus, AIA

Slide Design & Graphics Deborah J. Arbes, RA

Production Assistants Jennifer August

IT Coordination Matt Parker

Photography David Thaddeus, AIA

For additional information,

Tim Mrozowski, AIA, Professor, Michigan State University

 The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a non-profit technical

 Please contact Fromy Rosenberg (rosenberg@aisc.org) for further information

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

 The Material Facts

 Appropriate Technology / Sustainability of Steel

The de Menil Collection Museum

 Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled.

Wrought Iron Steel Cast Iron

Hard Steel Tungsten, Vanadium

 Carbon Steel these chemical elements are controlled

 Alloy Steel is Carbon Steel to which one or more chemical

 Steel is heated to molten state to remove oxides

Manganese- resistance to abrasion and impact.

 Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.

 Casting: Liquid steel is cast into semi-finished products; billet, blooms

 By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills.

Open Hearth Furnace (OHF):

 Worldwide, 3.6% of steel produced in 2003 was OHF.

 Shop Fabrication reduces on-site work down to

 Shop Fabrication reduces on-site weather delays.

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

Reduced Beam Section – RBS

The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

Fillet Weld Groove Weld Puddle Weld

Cross Bridging Horizontal Bridging

The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

 The finish color used on the AESS system can enhance

Wide Flange W 12 x 50 12 : Nominal depth W 4 – W 44 Bending Beams 3/8”< tf < 2”

Bearing Piles HP 14 x 102 14 : Nominal depth HP 8 – HP 14 Compression Piles tw = tf < 1”

American S 15 x 50 15 : Nominal Depth S 3 - S 24 Beams Flanges

M-Shapes M 14 x 18 14 : Nominal depth M 5-M 14 Bending Beams Smaller

American C 10 x 30 10: Actual depth C3 - C15

 Tension  Bracing  Nominal

Equal L 4 x 4 x 1/2 4 : Leg size L 1 x 1 x 1/8-

Compression Bracing t = 1/8” –

Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Applications Remarks

Square 4 x 4 x 1/2 4” each side 2 x 2 x 3/16 – Compression Columns Stable

Rectangular 20 x 12 x 5/8 20” side 3 x 2 x 3/16 – Compression Columns

5/8” thickness t: 3/16” - 5/8” Braces

Pipes  Standard ½” -12” diameter Compression Columns Stable

To maintain structural integrity for a specified

 Steel sections that are in contact with concrete take

 Fire protection systems are determined by appearance,

 Steel that is to be fire protected should not be painted or

 Minimum fire-resistance ratings for primary and

 The total area and weight of a building determines

its Building Type.

 Most multi-story steel frames are Type I or