Prayer for Preparation to Study

Lord, I know you are with me and love me.

Give me peace of mind as I prepare for this time of study.
Help me to focus on my books and notes,
keep me from all distractions so that I will make the best use
of this time that is available to me.
Give me insight that I might understand what I am studying,
and help me to remember it when the time comes.
Above all, I thank you for the ability to be able to study
and for the many gifts and talents you have given me.
Help me always to use them in such a way
that they honor you and do justice to myself.
- A Salesian Prayer
LIMIT
OF A FUNCTION
Basic Calculus I
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 INTRODUCTION
Limit in Calculus 02 DEFINITION
Important Terms

GUIDED
03 PRACTICE
Examples 04 REFLECTION
Guide Questions

ACTION AND
05 EVALUATION
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
 Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values
and the graph of the function
 Distinguish between and
 Illustrate the limit laws
 Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic
functions
CHECK-UP QUIZ

 It considered as the
Mathematics of Change
CHECK-UP QUIZ

 Proponents of Calculus
 CALCULUS

Gottfried Leibniz Isaac Newton

CHECK-UP QUIZ

 Considered to be the backbone

of calculus
CHECK-UP QUIZ

 Considered to be the backbone

of calculus
CHECK-UP QUIZ
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
A. The limit of L as f(x) approaches c.
B. The limit of f(x) as approaches is L.
C. The limit of x as f(x) approaches c is L.
D. The limit of c as x approaches f(x) is L.
CHECK-UP QUIZ
Ways on finding
the limit of a
function
 01
DEFINITION
Limits are the backbone of calculus.
CALCULUS: LIMITS
WHAT IS
LIMIT?
Consider a function of a single variable .
Consider a constant which the variable will approach ( may or may not
be in the domain of ).
The limit, to be denoted by , is the unique real value that will approach
as approaches . In symbols, we write this process as

Note: This is read as, “The limit of as approaches is L”

CONCEPT
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
ONE-SIDED
LIMITS
The existence of a limit of function as approaches a constant value is dependent on the
one-sided limits where approaches from the left of and where approaches from the right
of c . In mathematical form,
if lim f ( x)  L and lim f ( x)  L
x c x c 

then, lim f ( x)  L
x c

otherwise,
lim f ( x) DNE Does Not
x c
Exist
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
ONE-SIDED
LIMITS
A one-sided limit is the y-value a function
approaches as you approach a given x-value
from either the left or right side.
EXAMPL
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
E 𝑥→2

1 2 3
EXAMPL lim ( 3 − 2 𝑥 )
E 𝑥→2

1
GRA
PH
c
1
GRA
PH
c
1
More Examples
More Examples
Mood
Scale
How are
you
feeling
today?
 GUIDED
PRACTICE
● TABLE OF VALUES
● GRAPH
Guided
Practice lim ( 𝑧 2 +2 )
1 𝑧 → −1

Values approaching -1 from the left Values approaching -1 from the right

lim ( 𝑧 2+ 2 ) lim ¿
𝑧 → −1
− 𝑧 → −1 +¿
( 𝑧 +2 ) ¿
2
Guided
Practice lim ( 𝑧 2 +2 )
1 𝑧 → −1
Guided
Practice 2
𝑤 +𝑤 − 6
2 𝑓 ( 𝑤 )=
𝑤+3
Values approaching -3 from the left Values approaching -3 from the right

( )
𝑤2 +𝑤 −6 lim ¿
lim
( 𝑤 𝑤+𝑤+ 3− 6 )¿
2

w → −3
−
𝑤+ 3 w → −3+ ¿
Guided
Practice 2
𝑤 +𝑤 − 6
2 𝑓 ( 𝑤 )=
𝑤+3
Guided
Practice
3 𝑓 (𝑤) ¿
{ 𝑤 + 1 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑤 < 2
2
¿ ( 𝑤 − 2 ) +1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑤 ≥ 2
Values approaching 2 from the left Values approaching 2 from the right

lim ( 𝑤 +1 ) lim ¿
w→2 w→2
+¿
( ( 𝑤 −2 ) +1 ) ¿
2
Guided
Practice
3 𝑓 (𝑤) ¿
{ 𝑤 + 1 ,𝑖𝑓 𝑤 < 2
2
¿ ( 𝑤 − 2 ) +1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑤 ≥ 2
5-MINUTE
BREAK
 In the following laws, we let c and k be any constants, and f
LIMIT LAWS
and g are functions which may or may not have c in their
domains. And let the limits of f and g exist.
lim 𝒌=𝒌
CONSTANT𝑥LAW
→𝑐
lim 𝒙 =𝒄
LIMIT OF THE IDENTITY 𝑥→𝑐

FUNCTION lim 𝒌 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝒌∙lim 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )

CONSTANT MULTIPLE 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

SUM/ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ± 𝒈 (𝒙)⁡¿ ]= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ± 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙 )⁡¿

𝒙 →𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
DIFFERENC
PRODU
E 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ∙ 𝒈( 𝒙 ) ⁡¿]=𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈 ( 𝒙 ) ⁡¿
CT 𝒙 →𝒄 𝒙 →𝒄 𝒙 →𝒄
 In the following laws, we let c and k be any constants, and f
LIMIT LAWS
and g are functions which may or may not have c in their
domains. And let the limits of f and g exist.
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
QUOTIENT
lim
𝑥→𝑐 [ 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑔 (𝑥 )]⁡=
𝑥 →𝑐

lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
𝑥 →𝑐
⁡ , 𝒈 ( 𝒙) ≠ 𝟎

POWER LAW
[ ]
𝒏 𝒏
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ] = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

ROOT LAW
√ √
𝒏
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =
⁡ 𝒏
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
 lim 𝒌=𝒌
CONSTANT RULE
The limit of a𝑥constant
→𝑐 is
TRY!
itself.

EXAMPLE lim − 𝟐
𝑥 → −𝟏
lim 𝟓=¿
𝟓 ¿
𝑥→𝟏 lim −𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝟏
lim −𝟏.𝟓𝟒=¿¿
𝑥→𝟐
−𝟏.𝟓𝟒 𝑥→
𝟓
𝟏
lim
𝑥 → −𝟒
𝝅
lim 𝝅 =¿ ¿ 𝑥 → 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟓
 The limit of x as x approaches
c is c.
lim 𝒙 =𝒄
LIMIT OF THE IDENTI 𝑥→𝑐
TY FUNCTION
TRY!
EXAMPLE
𝒙¿
lim𝟏 lim 𝒙
𝑥→𝟏 𝑥 → −𝟏𝟎

−¿𝟐 . 𝟓
lim 𝒙=¿ lim 𝒙
𝑥 → −𝟐 .𝟓 𝟏
𝑥→
𝟓

lim 𝒙=¿
𝟎¿. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝑥 → 𝟎 .𝟎𝟎𝟓
 lim 𝒌 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝒌∙lim 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )
CONSTANT MULTIPLE
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

EXAMPLE TRY!

lim 𝟑𝒙 =𝟑∙ lim 𝒙 lim 𝟒 𝒙

𝑥 →𝟏 𝑥→𝟏 𝑥 → −𝟏𝟎

¿𝟑∙𝟏 lim −𝟐 𝒙
¿𝟑 𝑥→
𝟏
𝟓
 lim 𝒌 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝒌∙lim 𝒇 ( 𝒙 )
CONSTANT MULTIPLE
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

EXAMPLE TRY!
𝑥→𝟐 ( )
lim 𝟎.𝟓𝒙= ( 𝟎.𝟓) lim 𝒙
𝑥→𝟐
¿ ( 𝟎 . 𝟓) ( 𝟐) lim 𝟒 𝒙
𝑥 → −𝟏𝟎
¿𝟏 lim −𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
𝑥→
𝟓
 The limit of a sum (difference) of
functions is the sum (difference) of
SUM/DIFFERENCE
their limits.
lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ⁡¿]=lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± lim 𝑔( 𝑥) ⁡¿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

EXAMPLE
lim ( 𝒙 +𝟑 )= lim 𝒙 + lim 𝟑
𝑥→𝟐 𝑥→ 𝟐 𝑥 →𝟐

¿ 𝟐 +𝟑
¿𝟓
 lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ⁡¿]=lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± lim 𝑔( 𝑥) ⁡¿
SUM/DIFFERENCE
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

EXAMPLE lim 𝟓 𝒙
lim ( 𝟓 −−𝒙lim) =¿ ¿
𝑥→𝟒 𝑥→𝟒 𝑥 →𝟒

¿ 𝟓𝟒
−
¿𝟏
 lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± 𝑔 (𝑥 ) ⁡¿]=lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ± lim 𝑔( 𝑥) ⁡¿
SUM/DIFFERENCE
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

TRY! lim ( 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 ) =lim 𝟑 𝒙 + lim 𝟐

𝑥→𝟐 𝑥 →𝟐 𝑥 →𝟐
lim ( 𝟑 𝒙 +𝟐 ) ¿ 𝟑 lim 𝒙+ lim 𝟐
𝑥→𝟐 𝑥→𝟐 𝑥 →𝟐

¿ 𝟑 ( 𝟐 ) +𝟐
¿𝟖
 lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔( 𝑥) ⁡¿]=lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∙ lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥) ⁡¿
PRODU
The limit
𝑥→ of𝑐 a product of functions is
𝑥→ equal
𝑐 to the𝑥→
product
𝑐 of
CTtheir limits.
EXAMPLE
[[ ]
lim 𝒙 ( 𝒙 −𝟐 )=¿ ¿lim
𝑥→𝟏
𝒙
lim ( 𝒙 − 𝟐)
𝑥 →𝑥𝟏→ 𝟏 ]
[
¿ lim 𝒙
𝑥→𝟏 ]
¿𝟏
( 𝟏 −𝟐 )
¿ −𝟏
 lim [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑔( 𝑥) ⁡¿]=lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∙ lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥) ⁡¿
PRODU
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐
CT
EXAMPLE

𝑥→𝟏 [𝑥→𝟏 ][ lim ( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) ]

lim ( 𝒙 +𝟑 )( 𝒙 − 𝟐 ) ¿ lim ( 𝒙 +𝟑 )
𝑥→𝟏

[(
¿ lim 𝒙 + lim 𝟑
𝑥→ 𝟏 𝑥 →𝟏)]

¿ ( 𝟒 ) ( − 𝟏)
¿−𝟒
 quotient of functions

[ ]
is equal to the lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
QUOTIE
NT
quotient of their 𝑥lim
→𝑐 [ ]
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑔 (𝑥 )
= 𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑔( 𝑥)
⁡
limits. 𝑥 →𝑐

( 𝒙 +𝟑 )
EXAMPLE
lim
𝑥 → 𝟏 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐)

4
¿
−1
¿− 𝟒
 [ ]
𝒏 𝒏
lim
POWER[ 𝑓 (𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

EXAMPLE
[ ]
𝟐 𝟐
lim ¿ lim 𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 → 𝟏 𝑥→𝟏
𝟐
¿ ( 𝟏)
¿𝟏
 [ ]
𝒏 𝒏
lim
POWER[ 𝑓 (𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

EXAMPLE
( )
𝟑 𝟑
lim 𝟐 lim 𝒙
𝟐¿𝒙
𝑥 → −𝟏 𝑥→ −𝟏
𝟑
¿ 𝟐 (−𝟏 )

¿ −𝟐
 [ ]
𝒏 𝒏
lim [ 𝑓 (𝑥 )] = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
POWER
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

TRY
[ ]
𝟑
lim ( 𝒙 + 𝟐 ) ¿ lim 𝒙+𝟐
𝟑

𝑥→𝟎 𝑥→𝟎

[ ]
𝟑
¿ lim 𝒙+ lim 𝟐
𝑥→𝟎 𝑥 →𝟎
𝟑
¿ ( 𝟎+ 𝟐)
¿𝟖
 √ √[ ]
𝒏
lim
ROOT 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝒏
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

√ √
𝟑 𝟑
lim
EXAMPLE 𝑥 = lim 𝑥⁡
𝑥 → −𝟏 𝑥 → −𝟏

¿ √−𝟏 ⁡
𝟑

¿ −𝟏
 √ √[ ]
𝒏
lim
ROOT 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝒏
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ⁡
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

TRY! lim
𝑥→𝟎 √
√ 𝟗−¿𝟐 𝒙lim 𝟗 −𝟐 𝒙 ⁡
𝑥→ 𝟎

√
¿ lim 𝟗 −𝟐 lim 𝒙 ⁡
𝑥→ 𝟎 𝑥→𝟎
¿ √ 𝟗 − 𝟐 ( 𝟎) ⁡
¿𝟑
 THANKS
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