Chapter 10

Plant Anatomy & Physiology

Michael G. Simpson

Plant Anatomy
Study of tissue and cell structure of plants.
(In zoology, anatomy is study of internal
organs; histology is study of tissues/cells.)
Plant Physiology
Study of metabolic processes in plants.
 Cell Theory
All of life is composed of 1 or more cells.
Cells arise only from pre-existing cells, via
cell division or cell fusion.
Cells are units of metabolic processes.
Each cell contains set of hereditary
information (DNA), transferred from cell to
cell, coding for structural & functional
features.
 transport &
storage high energy carbs.
modification
storage: pigments, acids, ergastic substances

contains DNA

structural support

respiration

cell recognition, transport

photosynthesis

protein synthesis & transport of materials ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

aleurone grains: protein Ergastic Substances: oil bodies

not actively metabolized (storage/waste)

amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside

chromoplasts

druses raphides styloids prismatics

crystals (Ca-oxalate; silica)
 cell wall

mainly cellulose:
beta-1,4-glucopyranoside
 lignin - secondary cell wall
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function?
 shoot
apexshoot
meristem api
axillary
bud
internode
node bud
prim
lateral
branchshoot t
lateral
root tipb
shoot
root h
rootlateral
oots r
rmeristem
ootroapic
ot c
meristem - region of actively dividing cells
1) apical (shoot & root);
2) lateral (vascular & cork cambia)

Cell differentiation:
1) Cell expansion (elongation)
2) Cell maturation / specialization
 Plant Tissues & Cell Types

Tissue:
= group of cells with common function or structure.
Three broad tissue types:
1) Dermal - outside layer(s)
2) Vascular - conduction
3) Ground - between dermal and vascular
Simple vs. Complex Tissue:
1 versus 2 or more cell types
 Ground Tissue

Parenchyma: Gen. metabol. Collenchyma: support

1) Isodiametric to elongate 1) Elongate
2) Primary cell wall 2) Primary cell wall thick,
3) Living uneven, rich in pectins
3) Living
 Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
 Ground Tissue
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Sclereids
Isodiametric to irregular
 Vascular Tissue

Xylem
Water & mineral conduction
Tracheary elements + parenchyma + sclerenchyma
Phloem
Sugar conduction
Sieve members + parenchyma + sclerenchyma

- Both complex tissues

 Tracheary Elements
Tracheids - Imperforate Vessels - Perforate
Angiosperms (most)
Gnetales
A few Monilophytes
 Sieve Elements
Sieve cells - No sieve plates Sieve tube members - Sieve
plates
Apomorphy of Angiosperms
 Dermal & Secretory tissues & cells

Epidermis Glands

Stomates

Nectaries Laticifers
 Dermal tissues: Trichome anatomy

Epidermis
 latera
root
shoot
roo
lateral
oots
root rmeris
ootroao
 root cap
root apical
ROOT (l.s.)
meristem
1) Protective root cap
2) Absorptive root hairs
 ROOT (c.s.)
3) Give rise to new roots endogenously
(from within)
 Casparian Strip
Function: forces fluids from outside
through plasma membrane =
selective absorption
 shoot
apex
shoot
merist
axillary
bud
internode
node bu
pr
lateral
shoo
branch
latera
ro ot
shoot
SPOROPHYTIC
SHOOT
 Stems:
• Give rise to leaves exogenously
• Do not have a protective “cap” of cells
• Do not have root hairs (but may have trichomes)
 Stelar types

eustele atactostele
Protoxylem maturation
Vascular cambium - a lateral meristem
Conifers: non-porous
Ring porous Diffuse porous
Wood Ray Anatomy
Leaf anatomy
Stomata
 C3
Photosynthesis
Kranz anatomy
C4 Photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis