MAIN MEMORY

RAM
• RAM STANDS FOR _____________.
• Used to store_________ and __________ in a computer.
• CPU can execute a program if program resides in ___________
memory.
What is required to design a main memory?

Semiconductor devices Integrated circuit chips

Integrated circuit chips
STATIC RAM
• CONSIST OF INTERNAL FLIP FLOPS THAT STORES _________
STATIC RAM
• CONSIST OF INTERNAL FLIP FLOPS THAT STORES _________

BINARY INFORMATION
STATIC RAM
Question: For how long the information is valid?
STATIC RAM
Question: For how long the information is valid?
Ans: The stored data remains valid considering power is provided to the
unit.
Dynamic ram
• Stores the information in the form of electric charges that are applied
to the _____________.
Dynamic ram
• Stores the information in the form of electric charges that are applied
to the _____________.

CAPACITORS
Dynamic ram
• The capacitors are made available inside the chip by Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (MOS) transistors.
• The stored value on the capacitors contributes to discharge with time
and thus, the capacitors should be regularly recharged by refreshing
the dynamic memory.

CAPACITORS
Random Access Memory

• The term Random Access Memory or RAM is typically used to refer

to memory that is easily read from and written to by
the_________________.
Random Access Memory

• The term Random Access Memory or RAM is typically used to refer

to memory that is easily read from and written to by
the_________________.

MICROPROCESSOR

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) which

incorporates core functions of a computer’s central
processing unit (CPU).
Random Access Memory

• For a memory to be called random access, it should be possible to

access any address at any time.
• This differentiates RAM from storage devices such as tapes or hard
drives where the data is accessed _____________.
Random Access Memory

• For a memory to be called random access, it should be possible to

access any address at any time.
• This differentiates RAM from storage devices such as tapes or hard
drives where the data is accessed sequentially.
Random Access Memory

• For a memory to be called random access, it should be possible to

access any address at any time.
• This differentiates RAM from storage devices such as tapes or hard
drives where the data is accessed sequentially.
• RAM is the main memory of a computer.
• Its objective is to ____________________________.
Random Access Memory

• For a memory to be called random access, it should be possible to

access any address at any time.
• This differentiates RAM from storage devices such as tapes or hard
drives where the data is accessed sequentially.
• RAM is the main memory of a computer.
• Its objective is to store data and applications that are currently in use.
RAM
Q: How operating system controls the usage of this memory?
 RAM
Q: How operating system controls the usage of this memory?
Which memory is fixed and
unaffected by power failure?
Which memory is fixed and
unaffected by power failure?
Read-Only Memory

• In each computer system, there should be a segment of memory that is

fixed and unaffected by power failure. This type of memory is known
as Read-Only Memory or ROM.
Which memory is made up of circuits and can
preserve the information as long as power is
supplied

STATIC RAM
 STATIC RAM
• The static ram consist of _________ ____________ that stores binary
information.
 STATIC RAM
• The static ram consist of internal flip-flops that stores binary
information.
• The stored information remains valid ________________.
 STATIC RAM
• The static ram consist of internal flip-flops that stores binary
information.
• The stored information remains valid as long as power is applied to
the unit.
DRAM
DRAM
• SRAMs are faster but their cost is high because their cells require
many transistors. RAMs can be obtained at a lower cost if simpler
cells are used.
(DRAM) Which storage cell based on
capacitors can be used to replace the SRAM
cells?
(DRAM) Which storage cell based on capacitors
can be used to replace the SRAM cells?
• A MOS storage cell based on capacitors can be used to replace the
SRAM cells.
• Such a storage cell cannot preserve the charge (that is, data)
indefinitely and must be recharged periodically.
• Therefore, these cells are called dynamic storage cells.
• RAMs using these cells are referred to as Dynamic RAMs or simply
DRAMs.
Typically RAM chip
Typically RAM chip
•A 128 * 8 RAM chip has a memory capacity of 128
words of eight bits (one byte) per word. This requires a 7-
bit address and an 8-bit bidirectional data bus.
•The 8-bit bidirectional data bus allows the transfer of
data either from memory to CPU during a read operation
or from CPU to memory during a write operation.
•The read and write inputs specify the memory operation,
and the two chip select (CS) control inputs are for
enabling the chip only when the microprocessor selects it.
•The bidirectional data bus is constructed using three-
state buffers.
•The output generated by three-state buffers can be placed
in one of the three possible states which include a signal
equivalent to logic 1, a signal equal to logic 0, or a high-
impedance state.
Typically RAM chip

Inhibit- not performing any operation

High- impedance- open circuit , does not carry any signal, does not perform any operation
 ROM integrated circuit

The primary component of the main memory is RAM integrated circuit

chips, but a portion of memory may be constructed with ROM chips.
ROM
• A ROM memory is used for keeping programs and data that are
_____________ resident in the computer.
ROM
• A ROM memory is used for keeping programs and data that are
permanently resident in the computer.

What is use of bootstrap loader in ROM?

 What is use of bootstrap loader in ROM?

• ROM portion of main memory is needed for storing an initial program

is called a bootstrap loader.
• Its function is to start the computer software operating when power
is turned on.
 What is use of bootstrap loader in ROM?

• ROM portion of main memory is needed for storing an initial program

is called a bootstrap loader.
• Its function is to start the computer software operating when power
is turned on.

Why not bootstrap stored in RAM?

 Why not bootstrap stored in RAM?

Since RAM is volatile, Its contenst are destroyed when power is turned
off.
The contents of ROM remain unchanged after power is turned off and
on again.
 ROM

COMPUTER STARTUP
• The startup of the computer consists of turning the computer on
and starting the execution of an initial program.
•When the power is on, the hardware of the computer sets the
program counter to the first address of the bootstrap loader.
•Bootstrap loads a portion of operating system from disk to main
memory and control is transferred to operating system.
 ROM

ROM chips are also available in a variety of sizes and are also used as
per the system requirement.
The following block diagram demonstrates the chip interconnection in a
512 * 8 ROM chip.
 ROM

•A ROM chip has a similar organization as a RAM chip.

However, a ROM can only perform read operation; the data bus
can only operate in an output mode.
•The 9-bit address lines in the ROM chip specify any one of the
512 bytes stored in it.
•The value for chip select 1 and chip select 2 must be 1 and 0 for
the unit to operate. Otherwise, the data bus is said to be in a high-
impedance state.
Memory connection to the
CPU
 8,9 bit which ram we need to
perform the operation. Decode 2
bits with the help of decoder

10th bit whether we are selecting

RAM or ROM
1-RAM selected
0-ROM selected