University of Sulaymaniyah 25march2024

College of Engineering
Architectural Department
Advanced Theories Of Architecture Khuncha Salam Qadir

• In the historic background the article discuss how was Architectural

Response to Socio-Economic Changes and how Architects adapted to the
changing socio-economic landscape by reevaluating architectural values
and exploring new approaches.
• The discovery and of Iron and New Materials revolutionized architecture,
• dynamic nature of architecture throughout history, driven by humanity's
desire for change and innovation.
• International Style in architecture emerged in the early 20th century as a
response to economic challenges, technological advancements, and a
desire for a universal architectural language.
• emphasizing volume over mass.
• the International Style aimed to create buildings with a timeless,
international appeal, free from cultural and regional constraints
• It was anti-climate, which makes it demand
sophistication and extensive endo-climate controls,
like air conditioners, heaters, expellers, driers,
electrical lighting and more
• Overall, the International Style's success varied globally due to
differing political and cultural contexts.
• . Cultural Insensitivity: it was exported globally without consideration for
the material culture and values of the people it purported to serve.
• Functionalism vs. Form: The International Style was criticized for
prioritizing form over function and divorcing architecture from its social
purpose. it neglected the hierarchy of building types and promoted a stark,
unornamented appearance that was seen as inhuman and sterile.
• Uniformity and Elitism: Some critics described the International Style as
promoting uniformity, colorlessness, and elitism. Its stark appearance an