GSM Radio Interface

Technology
Objectives

 At the end of this course, you will be able to:

 Understand GSM speech transmission process
 Understand GSM radio key technology
 Grasp the function of various logical channels
 Describe the channel mapping pattern
Contents

 Voice transmission process

 Radio key technology
 Radio channel
 Voice Processing in the GSM System

Voice Channel Interle Burst pulse

A/D Encryption Modulation
coding coding aving forming

260bit/20ms 456bit/20ms 33.8kbit/s 270kbit/s

Voice Channel Burst pulse

D/A Deinterleaving Decryption Demodulation
decoding decoding disassemble

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 Voice encoding

 RPE-LTP (Rule Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction )

 260bit/20ms=13Kbit/s voice block
 Parameter encoding

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 Channel coding

 Channel coding serves to improve transmission quality and

overcome the negative impact of interferences on signals.
 Commonly used channel coding methods are:
 Convolution coding
 Fire coding
 Parity check coding.

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 Channel coding

260 bits /
20ms
50 bit (Ia) 132 bit (Ib) 78 bit (Ic)

50 3 132 4 78

Protection
bits

Fire Code

53 bit 136 bit 78 bit

189 bit

CONVOLUTIONAL 378 bit

CODER (1:2)

456
bit

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 Channel Interleving

 Target: Change continuous bit errors into discontinuous bit

errors which can be corrected by channel coding

Message block 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Interleving

After
interleving 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Error bits

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 Two stage interleving

Block A Block B Block A+1 Block B+1

456 bit 456 bit 456 bit 456 bit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Odd N+6
Odd N+4 Even N Odd N+5 Even N+1 Even N+2 Odd N+7 Even N+3

57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1 57 1

116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block 116-bit block

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 Encryption/Decryption

 Encryption is accomplished by exclusive or operation of an

encryption sequence (computed by A5 encryption algorithm via
key Kc and frame number) and 114 information bits on a normal
burst.

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 Modulation and Demodulation

 GMSK is a special digital FM modulation mode

 The modulation rate is 270.833 kilobauds.
 The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation with bit rate four
times of frequency offset (67.708 kHz )is called MSK (Minimum
Shift-frequency Keying).
 Gaussian demodulation filter is used to further reduce the
modulation spectrum.

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 The GMSK can be expressed by a I/Q diagram

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Contents

 Voice transmission process

 Radio key technology
 Radio channel
 Discontinuous Transmission （ DTX ）

 Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.

 Lower the total interference level in the air
 Save transmitter power.

 The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the
former will slightly lower the transmission quality.

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 Frequency Hopping (FH)

 Type
 Baseband
 Synthesized

 Function
 Frequency diversity
 Interference diversity

 Parameters
 HSN
 MAIO

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 Diversity receiving

 The diversity reception technology is usually introduced to the

GSM system to receive on several tributaries the signals with little
relativity but carrying the same information and then output the
signals after they are combined.
 In this way, the impact of fading on the stability of receiving
signals can be decreased.
 Types:
 Space Diversity
 Frequency Diversity
 Time Diversity
 Polarization Diversity

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 Dynamic power control

 Target: On the basis of certain service quality

 Lower the total interference level in the air
 Save transmitter power

 Power control command sent by SACCH

 MS: Dedicated mode
 Static 6 level, Dynamic 15 level
 Step: 2dBm

A B

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 Timing Advance （ TA ）

 In the GSM, because TDMA is adopted in the air interface, the

MS must employ the TSs allocated to it only, and remain inactive
in other TSs. Otherwise, it may affect the MSs using other TSs on
the same carrier.

It does not work,

Let MS send me
By one TA in advance

TA
Time delay

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 Timing Advance （ TA ）

 BTS calculate TA
 Send by SACCH to MS
 MS Dedicated mode
 Range: 0-63Bits
 Distance: 0-35Km

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Contents

 Voice transmission process

 Radio key technology
 Radio channel
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frame0 Frame1 Frame N

RF 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Channel 0

Channel 1

Channel 7

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 GSM Frame structure

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 Physical and logical channel

 Physical Channels – the path used to carry information between

an MS and a BTS

 Logical Channels – different information carried on the physical

channels

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 Logical channels
Logical
Channels

Control Traffic
Channels Channels

Broadcast Common Dedicated

Channels Control Control
Channels Channels

FCCH RACH SDCCH

SCH AGCH SACCH

BCCH PCH FACCH

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 Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Hey. I’m a GSM?

GSM xmitter!

FCCH

GSM!!!
SCH TDMA#

BCCH
MCC...MNC...Cl…

Ok…ok

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 Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Hello! You have a call.

Hello! I have to set

PCH downlink only
up a call.
I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

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 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

On SDCCH:
-call set up signaling
-SMS
SDCCH -etc…..

SACCH/TCH On SACCH
MS power -SMS
-MS power

FACCH/TCH
Don’t
handover
shout at me.

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 Channel Mapping

Item Configuration Combination

1 TCHFull TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF
2 TCHHalf TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH
3 TCHHalf2 TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H
4 MainBCCH FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+
BCCHCombined
5 SACCH/C4
6 BCH BCCH + CCCH
7 SDCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8
FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+
BCCHwithCBCH
8 SACCH/C4 + CBCH
9 SDCCHwithCBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH

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 Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

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 Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel
51 Ö¡
BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I
£¨ÏÂÐУ©

BCCH+CCCH
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
£¨ÉÏÐУ©

(a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH

8 SDCCH/8
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0 A1 A2 A3 I I I
£¨ÏÂÐУ©
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4 A5 A6 A7 I I I

8 SDCCH/8
A1 A2 A3 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A0
£¨ÉÏÐУ©
A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A4

(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7)

BCCH+CCCH
F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I
+4SDCCH/4
£¨ÏÂÐУ© F S B C F S C C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I

BCCH+CCCH
+4SDCCH/4
D3 R R A2 A3 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 RF RS D2
£¨ÉÏÐУ© D3 R R A0 A1 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D0 D1 RF RS D2

(c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)

F£ºFCCH S£ºSCH
B£ºBCCH C£ºCCCH£¨CCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH£©
R£ºRACH D£ºSDCCH
A£ºSACCH/C I£ºidle

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