CDMA CHANNEL

STRUCTURE
AND MODULATION
2003.10.10

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to
master:

-- The forward channel in IS-95

Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic
-- The reverse channel in IS-95
Access; Traffic
-- New Channels in CDMA20001X

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 CDMA Forward Traffic
Channels CDMA Cell Site
Pilot

Forward Traffic Channel

Forward Traffic Channel Sync

 Forward Traffic Channel

Paging

Forward Traffic Channel

• Used for the transmission of user and signaling

information to a specific mobile station during a call.
• Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot
channel, one Sync channel, and 1 Paging channel.
– This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55 traffic channels.
– Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional channels.

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 Forward Traffic Channel
Generation
8 kb Vocoding
bits symbols chips
I PN
CHANNEL ELEMENT
Power
9600 bps Control Walsh
4800 bps Bit function
2400 bps R = 1/2, K=9 19.2
1200 bps ksps Scrambling M 1.2288
Convolutional Block Mcps
(Vocoder) U
Encoding and Interleaving
Repetition X

19.2
1.2288 ksps
Q PN
User Address Long PN Code Mcps
Mask Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Generation
(ESN-based)

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 Rate 1/2, k=9 Convolutional
Encoding g
0
c
0

Data Code
Bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Symbol
Input Output

g
1 c
1

• Symbols generated as the information bits transit through the encoder, are related to all the bits
currently in the register.
• Each information bit contributes to multiple symbols.
• Pattern of inter-relationships helps detect and correct errors.
• The length of shift register is called constraint (K=9) length.
– The longer the register, the better coding can correct bursty errors
– Reduces power required to achieve same accuracy with coding
• Here, two symbols are generated for every bit input (Rate 1/2).

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 Full Rate Block Interleave Array
Symbols are 16 Columns
Written In 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361
2 26 50 74 98 122 146 170 194 218 242 266 290 314 338 362
3 27 51 75 99 123 147 171 195 219 243 267 291 315 339 363
4 28 52 76 100 124 148 172 196 220 244 268 292 316 340 364
5 29 53 77 101 125 149 173 197 221 245 269 293 317 341 365 Symbols are
6 30 54 78 102 126 150 174 198 222 246 270 294 318 342 366
7 31 55 79 103 127 151 175 199 223 247 271 295 319 343 367
Read Out
8 32 56 80 104 128 152 176 200 224 248 272 296 320 344 368
9 33 57 81 105 129 153 177 201 225 249 273 297 321 345 369
10 34 58 82 106 130 154 178 202 226 250 274 298 322 346 370
24 Rows

11 35 59 83 107 131 155 179 203 227 251 275 299 323 347 371
12 36 60 84 108 132 156 180 204 228 252 276 300 324 348 372
13 37 61 85 109 133 157 181 205 229 253 277 301 325 349 373
14 38 62 86 110 134 158 182 206 230 254 278 302 326 350 374
15 39 63 87 111 135 159 183 207 231 255 279 303 327 351 375
16 40 64 88 112 136 160 184 208 232 256 280 304 328 352 376
17 41 65 89 113 137 161 185 209 233 257 281 305 329 353 377
18 42 66 90 114 138 162 186 210 234 258 282 306 330 354 378
19 43 67 91 115 139 163 187 211 235 259 283 307 331 355 379
20 44 68 92 116 140 164 188 212 236 260 284 308 332 356 380
21 45 69 93 117 141 165 189 213 237 261 285 309 333 357 381
22 46 70 94 118 142 166 190 214 238 262 286 310 334 358 382
23 47 71 95 119 143 167 191 215 239 263 287 311 335 359 383
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384

• The 384 modulation symbols in a frame are input into a 24 by 16

block interleave array read down by columns, from left to right
• The modulation symbols are then read out of the array in rows

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Full Rate Block Interleave
Symbols are 16 Columns
Written In 1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 241 265 289 313 337 361
2 26 50 74 98 122 146 170 194 218 242 266 290 314 338 362
3 27 51 75 99 123 147 171 195 219 243 267 291 315 339 363
4 28 52 76 100 124 148 172 196 220 244 268 292 316 340 364
5 29 53 77 101 125 149 173 197 221 245 269 293 317 341 365 Symbols are
6 30 54 78 102 126 150 174 198 222 246 270 294 318 342 366
7 31 55 79 103 127 151 175 199 223 247 271 295 319 343 367
Read Out
8 32 56 80 104 128 152 176 200 224 248 272 296 320 344 368
9 33 57 81 105 129 153 177 201 225 249 273 297 321 345 369
10 34 58 82 106 130 154 178 202 226 250 274 298 322 346 370
24 Rows

11 35 59 83 107 131 155 179 203 227 251 275 299 323 347 371
12 36 60 84 108 132 156 180 204 228 252 276 300 324 348 372
13 37 61 85 109 133 157 181 205 229 253 277 301 325 349 373
14 38 62 86 110 134 158 182 206 230 254 278 302 326 350 374
15 39 63 87 111 135 159 183 207 231 255 279 303 327 351 375
16 40 64 88 112 136 160 184 208 232 256 280 304 328 352 376
17 41 65 89 113 137 161 185 209 233 257 281 305 329 353 377
18 42 66 90 114 138 162 186 210 234 258 282 306 330 354 378
19 43 67 91 115 139 163 187 211 235 259 283 307 331 355 379
20 44 68 92 116 140 164 188 212 236 260 284 308 332 356 380
21 45 69 93 117 141 165 189 213 237 261 285 309 333 357 381
22 46 70 94 118 142 166 190 214 238 262 286 310 334 358 382
23 47 71 95 119 143 167 191 215 239 263 287 311 335 359 383
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384

• Adjacent symbols are now separated in time

– This separation combats the effect of fast fading
• A burst of errors could effect the area in red above and after the frame is
written into the block de-interleave function at the mobile we see the
errors are spread out instead of being in consecutive order.
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Data Scrambling
19.2
19.2 Ksps Ksps
Block
Modulation
Interleaver
Symbols
To Power
19.2 Control Mux
1.2288
User Address Long Mcps Ksps
Code PN Decimator
Mask (ESN)
Generator Divide
by 64

• Every 64th PN chip is modulo-2 added to a symbol

• Randomize transmitted data
– Effects of all 1s’ or 0s' traffic (impulse-like) is reduced
• Eliminates probability of Pilot Reuse Error
– Mobile might demodulate a distant cell with same PN offset

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Power Control Subchannel
Power Control
Bit (800 bps)
Data Scrambling Scrambled
19.2 Ksps M
Modulation
from Block U Symbol or
Interleaver X Power
19.2 Control Bit
Ksps 800 Hz Mux
1.2288 Mcps Timing
User Long Decimator Decimator
Code

• Base station receiver estimates received signal strength of mobile

over a 1.25 ms period (800/s)
• A power control subchannel is transmitted continuously
– A power up/down command is sent 800 times a second
• A puncturing technique sends Power Control Bits at full power
and uncoded

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Orthogonal Spreading
Power Control
Bit (800 bps) M
U To Quadrature
Scrambled 19.2 1.2288 Spreading
Data X Ksps Mcps
Wt
800 Hz Mux
Timing

Walsh Function
from Index

• Each symbol output from the Mux is exclusive OR’d by

the assigned Walsh function
• Walsh function has fixed chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps
• Result is 64 chips output for each symbol input
• Channels are distinguished from each other by Walsh
function
• Bandwidth used greatly exceeds source rate

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Quadrature Spreading
& Baseband Filtering PCM Voice

I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence Vocoder

1.2288 Mcps Processing
I Baseband Convolutional
Filter cos(2fct) Encoding
G I Code Symbol
19.2 ksps

A
from Power I Repetition
1.2288 N (Symbol
Control Mux Q
Mcps Q Baseband sin(2fct) Puncturing)
Filter Block
Walsh Interleaving
Function
Data Scrambling
Q-Channel Pilot PN Sequence
1.2288 Mcps Power Control
Subchannel
• The forward traffic channel is combined with two Orthogonal
Spreading
different PN sequences: “I” and “Q” Quadrature
Spreading
• Baseband filtering ensures the waveforms are contained Baseband
within the 1.25 MHz frequency range Filtering
• The final step is to convert the two baseband signals to
radio frequency (RF) in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz Baseband Traffic
range to RF Section

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Composite “I” and “Q”
• Each channel card has a “I” PN Code
combiner and works in a serial Walsh
Code “Q” PN Code
array to combine the I and Q Pilot
signals for all forward Channel
channels in a partition sector or
cell. Walsh
Code
• The baseband I and Q signals Sync
for all channel cards are sent Channel
to the CORE module to be
multiplexed together based on Walsh
Code
the PN offset.
Paging
• This ensures that a mobile Channel(s)
station does not mistakenly
decode the signal from a Walsh
Composite
channel with the same Walsh Code
“I”
code from the wrong base Forward Traffic
Channel(s)
station. Composite
“Q”

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Quadrature Phase Shift Key
(QPSK) Modulation “I” PN Code cos ( 2 fct )
“Q” PN Code
Walsh  
code
 Baseband

Gain Control
filter
Every
Channel  
 Baseband
filter

: XOR  
: Analog sum
: Baseband x Carrier
sin (2 fct )

I1 cos ( 2  fc t ) + I2 cos (2  fc t ) = ( I1 + I2 ) cos ( 2  fc t )

Q1 sin (2  fc t ) + Q2 sin (2  fc t ) = ( Q1 + Q2 ) sin (2  fc t )

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Forward Traffic Channel
Generation (13 kb Vocoding)
bits symbols chips

I PN
CHANNEL ELEMENT
Power
14400 bps Control Walsh
7200 bps Bit function
3600 bps R = 1/2, K=9
1800 bps Scrambling M 1.2288
(Vocoder) Convolutional Symbol Mcps
Block U
Encoding and Puncturing
Repetition 28.8 (13 kb only) 19.2 Interleaving X
ksps ksps

19.2
1.2288 ksps
Q PN
User Address Long PN Code Mcps
Mask Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Generation
(ESN-based)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Forward Channel Demodulation
Digital
Rake Receiver
Symbols
Chips Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx Symbols
Receiver
RF Section Traffic Correlator Viterbi
IF, Detector  Decoder
PN xxx Walsh xx
Traffic Correlator Packets
AGC
PN xxx Walsh xx
Open Loop

RF Audio
Messages
Duplexer Pilot Searcher
CPU Vocoder
PN xxx Walsh 0
RF Audio
Transmit Gain Adjust
Messages
Transmitter
Transmitter Digital Section
RF Section Long Code Gen.

IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a minimum of four processing elements that

can be independently directed:
• Three elements must be capable of demodulating multipath
components
• One must be a “searcher” that scans and estimates signal
strength at each pilot PN sequence offset
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Pilot Channel
• Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition
• Transmitted constantly by the base station
• The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations
– Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset
• Provides tracking of:
– Timing reference
– Phase reference
• Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse
within one CDMA channel frequency
• Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by:
– Short duration of Pilot PN sequence
– Uncoded nature of pilot signal
• Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs
– Used to identify handoff candidates
– Key factor in performing soft handoffs

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Pilot Channel Generation
I PN
Walsh
Function 0
1.2288
Pilot Mcps
Channel
(All 0’s)

Q PN

• The Walsh function zero spreading sequence is applied to the Pilot

• The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots
per CDMA channel
• The PN offset index value (0-511 inclusive) for a given pilot PN
sequence is multiplied by 64 to determine the actual offset
– Example: 15 (offset index) x 64 = 960 PN chips
– Result: The start of the pilot PN sequence will be delayed
960 chips x 0.8138 microseconds per chip = 781.25 microsecond

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Pilot Channel Acquisition
Pilot Channel
(Walsh Code 0)

00…01 00…01 00…01 00…01 00…01 00…01

• The mobile station starts generating the I and Q PN short

sequences by itself and correlating them with the received
composite signal at every possible offset.
• In less than 15 seconds (typically 2 to 4 seconds) all possibilities
(32,768) are checked.
– The mobile station remembers the offsets for which it gets the
best correlation (where the Eb/N0 is the best.
• The mobile station locks on the best pilot (at the offset that results
in the best Eb/N0), and identifies the pattern defining the start of
the short sequences (a ‘1’ that follows fifteen consecutive ‘0’s).
• Now the mobile station is ready to start de-correlating with a
Walsh code.

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Sync Channel
• Used to provide essential
system parameters
• Used during system acquisition
stage
• Bit rate is 1200 bps
• Sync channel has a frame (Acquired Pilot)
duration of 26 2/3 ms
– Frame duration matches the Sync Channel
period of repetition of the
PN Short Sequences
– Simplifies the acquisition of
the Sync Channel once the
Pilot Channel has been
acquired
• Mobile Station re-synchronizes
at the end of every call

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Sync Channel Generation
Modulation
Bits Symbols Chips

I PN
Walsh Function 32

R = 1/2 K=9

Convolutional
Encoder and Block
1200 bps
Repetition Interleaver
4800 sps 4800 sps 1.2288 Mcps

Q PN

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Sync Channel Message
Body Format Field
Length
(bits)
MSG_TYPE
MSG_TYPE(‘00000001’)
(‘00000001’) 88
P_REV
P_REV 88
MIN_PREV
MIN_PREV 88
SID
SID 15
15
NID
NID 16
16
PILOT_PN
PILOT_PN 99
LC_STATE
LC_STATE 42
42
SYS_TIME
SYS_TIME 36
36
LP_SEC
LP_SEC 88
LTM_OFF
LTM_OFF 66
DAYLT
DAYLT 11
PRAT
PRAT 22
CDMA_FREQ
CDMA_FREQ 11
11
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION Total : 170
 Sync Message Parameters
• Message Type (MSG_TYPE) – Identifies this message and
determines its structure (set to the fixed value of ‘00000001’)
• Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) – Shall be set to ‘00000001’
• Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) – 8-bit unsigned
integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to
operate on the system. Only mobile stations that support revision
numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system.
• System ID (SID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system
• Network ID (NID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the network
within the system (defined by the owner of the SID)
• Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) – Set to the pilot PN
offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the
network planner
• Long Code State (LC_STATE) – Provides the mobile station with the
base station long code state at the time given by the SYS_TIME field,
generated dynamically
• System Time (SYS_TIME) – GPS system-wide time as 320 ms after
the end of the last superframe containing any part of this message,
minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated dynamically

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Sync Channel Message
Parameters (cont.)
• Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) – Number of leap seconds that have occurred
since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as
given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
• Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) – Two’s complement offset of local
time from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically
– Current local = SYS_TIME – LP_SEC + LTM_OFF
• Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) – Determined by the
network planner
– 1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station
– 0 otherwise
• Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) – The data rate of the paging
channel for this system, determined by the network planner
– 00 if 9600 bps
– 01 if 4800 bps
• CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Paging Channels
Paging Channel

Used
Usedbybythe
thebase
basestation
stationtoto
transmit system overhead information
transmit system overhead information
and
andmobile
mobilestation-specific
station-specificmessages.
messages.

• There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA

carrier
• The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1
• Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Paging Channel Generation
Walsh I PN
function
R = 1/2 K=9 19.2
Scrambling 1.2288
9600 bps Convolutional Ksps Mcps
Block
Encoder &
4800 bps Interleaving
Repetition

1.2288 19.2
Paging Channel Long PN Code Mcps Ksps
Address Mask Decimator
Generator Q PN

• Walsh code #1 is used to spread the data. This results in an increase to 1.2288
Mcps
– That is, 24,576 9600 [4800] bps x 0.020 s = 192 [96] bits in a Paging
Channel frame.
• The Rate 1/2 convolutional encoder doubles the bit rate, resulting 384 [192]
code symbols in a Paging Channel frame.
• If the 4800 bps rate is used, the repetition process doubles the rate again, so that,
at either rate, 384 modulation symbols per Paging Channel frame result
• 384 modulation symbols per frame times 50 frames per second = 19.2 Ksps
• chips per Paging Channel frame, or 128 [256] chips per original bit at 9600
[4800] bps
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Paging Channel Overhead
Messages ACC_MSG_SEQ

Access
AccessParameters
ParametersMessage
Message

Overhead
Overhead
Messages
Messages
CONFIG_MSG_SEQ

System
SystemParameters
ParametersMessage
Message
Paging
Paging
Messages
Messages Configuration
Configuration CDMA
CDMAChannel
ChannelList
ListMessage
Message
Parameter
Parameter
Messages
Messages
Extended
ExtendedSystem
SystemParameters
ParametersMessage
Message

Extended
ExtendedNeighbor
NeighborList
ListMessage
Message
Mobile-Station-
Mobile-Station-
Directed
Directed
Messages Global
Messages GlobalService
ServiceRedirection
RedirectionMessage
Message

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 CDMA Reverse Traffic
Channels
Reverse Traffic Channel

• Used when a call is in progress to send:

– Voice traffic from the subscriber
– Response to commands/queries from the base station
– Requests to the base station
• Supports variable data rate operation for:
– 8 Kbps vocoder
• Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps
– 13 Kbps vocoder
• Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Traffic Channel
Generation at 8 kb Vocoding
I PN
R=1/3,K=9 (no offset)
9600 bps
4800 bps 1.2288
28.8 28.8 307.2 Mcps
2400 bps Convolutional ksps ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst
1200 bps Block 1/2 PN
Encoder & Randomizer Chip
Interleaver Modulation
Repetition Delay
D
1.2288 Q PN
User Address Long Mcps (no offset)
Mask PN Code
Generator Direct
Sequence
Spreading

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Rate 1/3 Convolutional
Encoder
g 0
Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

+
Information bits
(INPUT) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

+
g1 Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

+
g2 Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Traffic Channel
Block Interleaving
28.8 ksps
From Coding 28.8 ksps to
& Symbol Input Array Output Array Orthogonal
Repetition (Normal (Reordered Modulation
Sequence) Sequence)
32 x 18 32 x 18

• 20 ms symbol blocks are sequentially reordered

• Combats the effects of fast fading
• Separates repeated symbols at 4800 bps and below
– Improves survivability of symbol data
– “Spreads” the effect of spurious interference

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Traffic Channel:
64-ary Orthogonal Modulation
44 35 Walsh Lookup Table
Walsh Chip within a Walsh Function

1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123 4567 8901 2345 6789 0123

101100 100011
0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
1 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
2 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011
3 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
4 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111
5 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010
6 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100
7 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001
8 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
9 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010
10 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
11 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
12 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000
13 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101
14 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011

Symbols
15 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110
W 16 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111
a 17 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010
l 18 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100
s 19 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001
h 20 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000
21 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101
F 22 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011
u 23 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110
n 24 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000
c 25 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101
t 26 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011
i 27 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110
o 28 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111
n 29 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010

64 Chip Pattern of
30 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100
I 31 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001
n 32 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
d 33 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010
e 34 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100
x 35 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001
36 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000

Walsh Code # 35
37 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101
38 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011
39 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110
40 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000
41 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101
42 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011
43 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110
44 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111
45 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010
46 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100
47 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001
48 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
49 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101 0101 0101
50 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011 0011 0011
51 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 0110 0110

10001...11010
52 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111
53 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010 0101 1010
54 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100 0011 1100
55 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 0110 1001
56 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111
57 0101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 0101 0101 1010 1010
58 0011 0011 1100 1100 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 0011 0011 1100 1100
59 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001
60 0000 1111 1111 0000 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 0000 1111 1111 0000
61 0101 1010 1010 0101 1010 0101 0101 1010 1010 0101 0101 1010 0101 1010 1010 0101
62 0011 1100 1100 0011 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100 0011 0011 1100 0011 1100 1100 0011
63 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110

• For every six symbols in, 64 Walsh Chips are output

• Six symbols are converted to a decimal number from 0-63
• The Walsh code that corresponds to the decimal number becomes the
output

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Traffic Channel:
Direct Sequence Spreading
307.2 Data Burst
kcps Randomizer
1.2288 To Quadrature
Mcps Spreading

User Address Long 1.2288

Mask Code PN Mcps
Generator

• Output of the randomizer is direct sequence spread by the

long code
• The mobile station can use one of two unique long code
masks:
– A public long code mask based on the ESN
– A private long code mask
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Offset Quadrature Spreading &
Baseband Filtering
RF Converters
I-Channel Pilot PN Sequence
1.2288 Mcps
I Baseband I
Filter
From cos( fct)
Data Burst 2 
Randomizer 1.2288
Mcps Q Baseband Q
D Filter
PN chip sin(2 fct)
1.2288 Mcps PN 1/2 PN Chip
Time Delay

• The channel is spread by a pilot PN sequence with a zero

offset
• Baseband filtering ensures that the waveform is contained
within the required frequency limits
• Baseband signals converted to radio frequency (RF) in the
800 MHz or 1900 MHz range
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Reverse Traffic Channel
Generation at 13 kb Vocoding
I PN
R=1/2,K=9 (no offset)
14400 bps
7200 bps 1.2288
28.8 28.8 307.2 Mcps
3600 bps
Convolutional ksps ksps kcps Data Burst 1/2 PN
1800 bps Block Orthogonal
Encoder & Randomizer Chip
Interleaver Modulation
Repetition Delay
D
1.2288 Q PN
User Address Long Mcps (no offset)
Mask PN Code
Generator Direct
Sequence
Spreading

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Channel Demodulation
BTS Receiver BSC

Demodulator Search
Correlator

Search
Demodulator

Combiner
Correlator
De-Interleaver
Viterbi Vocoder Speech


Decoder Output
Search
Demodulator Correlator

Power Control U/D

Search Decision
Demodulator Correlator Command

PN+ t
User Long Code

• IS-95A/J-STD-008 requires a process that is complementary to the mobile

station modulation process
• CDMA processing benefits from multipath components
– Signals from several receive elements can be combined to improve
receive signal quality
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Access Channels
4800 bps

• Used by the mobile station to:

– Initiate communication with the base station
– Respond to Paging Channel messages
• Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps
• Each Access Channel is associated with only one Paging
Channel
• Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per Paging
Channel

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Access Channel Generation
I PN (No Offset)

Access Channel R = 1/3

Information 1.2288
28.8 28.8 307.2
(88 bits/Frame) Mcps
Convolutional ksps ksps Orthogonal kcps 1/2 PN
Block
Encoder & Modulation Chip
Interleaver
Repetition Delay
4.8 kpbs
D
1.2288
Access Channel
Mcps
Long PN Code
Long Code Mask Generator Q PN (No Offset)
Direct
Sequence
Spreading

• Message attempts are randomized to reduce probability

of collision
• Two message types:
– A response message (in response to a base station
message)
– A request message (sent autonomously by the mobile
station)
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 Access Channel Long Code Mask
An Access Channel is scrambled by the long
code, offset by a mask constructed as follows:

41 33 32 28 27 25 24 98 0

110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID PILOT_PN

Where:
ACN is the Access Channel Number,
PCN is the Number of the associated Paging Channel
BASE_ID is the base station identification number, and
PILOT_PN is the Pilot short PN code offset index

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Access Channel Probing

Access Probe
1 + NUM_STEP
(16 max)

Access
PI
Probe 1
ACCESS Access
PROBE PI
Probe 1
SEQUENCE
Access
PI
Probe 1
IP Access
(Initial Probe 1
Power) System
Time

TA RT TA RT TA RT TA

Select Access Channel (RA) See previous

initialize transmit power figure

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Access Channel Probing
See next
figure
Access Channel
Slot and Frame
Boundary

ONE ACCESS CHANNEL SLOT

ACCESS CHANNEL
ACCESS CHANNEL
PREAMBLE
MESSAGE CAPSULE
(Modulation Symbol 0)
ACCESS System
PROBE Time

ACH Frame
(20 ms)
1 + PAM_SZ 3 + MAX_CAP_SZ
(1 - 16 frames) (3 - 10 frames)

4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ
(4 - 26 frames)

ACTUAL ACCESS PROBE TRANSMISSION

PN Randomization Delay = RN chips = RN x 0.8138 µs

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Access Channel Probing
Access Attempt

Access Probe Seq MAX_RSP_SEQ

Sequence 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Seq 4 (15 max)
RESPONSE
ATTEMPT

System
Time
RS RS RS

Response message
ready for transmission

Access Attempt

Access Probe Seq MAX_REQ_SEQ

Sequence 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 (15 max)
REQUEST
ATTEMPT

System
Time
PD RS PD RS PD

Request message
ready for transmission

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Access Channel Probing
Parameters
• RA - Access Channel Number. Random value between 0 and ACC_CHAN;
generated before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 31).
• IP – Initial Open-Loop Power. Calculated in dBm as follows:
IP = k - Mean Input Power (dBm) + NOM_PWR (dB)
- NOM_PWR_EXT x 16 (dB) + INIT_PWR (dB)
where k = -73 for 800 MHz Cellular and -76 for 1900 PCS.
• PI – Power Increment. Equal to PWR_STEP in dB (range is 0 to 7 dB).
• TA – Acknowledgment Response Timeout (timeout from the end of the slot).
Calculated in ms as follows (range is 160 to 1360 ms):
TA = 80 x (2 + ACC_TMO)
• RT – Probe Backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + PROBE_BKOFF; generated
before every sequence (maximum range is 0 - 16 slots).
• RS – Sequence backoff. Random value between 0 and 1 + BKOFF; generated before
every sequence (except the first sequence). Maximum range of values is 0 to 16 slots
• PD – Persistence delay. (Value used to implement the “persistence test”).
• RN – PN Randomization Delay. (0 to 511 chips) . Generated before every sequence,
between 0 and 2 PROBE_PN_RAN - 1, by hash, using ESN_S.
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION
 CDMA20001XRtt
New Channel Structure

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Benefits of the CDMA2000
1x Standards
• Increased mobile standby battery life (via Quick Paging
Channel)
• Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call
processing features
• 2-3 dB better coverage
• High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities

CDMA2000 1x = 1.25 MHz Radio Transmission Technology

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Backward Compatible with
IS-95 Air Interface
IS-95 mobiles are supported in the IS-2000 standard
for 1xRTT:

• No need to change any RF infrastructure

• Capacity improvements will not be realized until most IS-
95 subscribers disappear

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Cdma2000 1xRtt Channel(Qualcomm)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 •
Channel List: 1xRTT vs. IS-95
IS-95B built on the IS-95A channels, and introduced two new
channels
– Fundamental channel was the same as IS-9A traffic channel
– Supplemental code channels assigned to support rates above
14.4Kbps
• IS-2000 1xRTT continue to build on the IS-95 channels
– IS-95 channels continue to be supported in IS-2000 to support IS-
95 mobiles
Forward Reverse
Pilot channel
IS-95A Sync channel
Paging channel Access channel
Forward Traffic Channel Reverse Traffic Channel

Fundamental channel Fundamental channel

IS-95B Supplemental Code channel (F-SCCH) Supplemental Code channel (R-SCCH)

Supplemental channel (F-SCH) Supplemental channel (R-SCH)

1xRTT Quick Paging channel (F-QPCH) Reverse Pilot channel (R-PICH)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Forward Supplemental
Channel (F-SCH)
• Assigned for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps) in the forward
direction; (FCH is always assigned to each call)
• Up to 2 F-SCH can be assigned to a single mobile
– SCH cannot exist without having a fundamental channel
established
• F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 - 1024 depending on data
rate and chip rate

SCH-1 File transfer at 144 kbps

Mobile 1

FCH Voice, power control and link continuity

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Supplemental
Channel (R-SCH)
• Used for high-speed packet data (>9.6 kbps)
• Difference between F-SCH and R-SCH is in Walsh code based
spreading
– F-SCH supports Walsh code lengths of 4 to 128 (1xRTT) or 1024
(3xRTT) depending on data rate and chip rate
– R-SCH uses either a 2-digit or 4-digit Walsh code; rate matching
done by repetition of encoded and interleaved symbols
• Walsh code allocation sequence is pre-determined and
common to all mobiles
• Users are differentiated using long PN code with user mask

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Reverse Pilot Channel
(R-PICH)
• Mobile transmits well-known pattern (pilot)
• Allows base station to do timing corrections without
having to guess where mobile is (in search window)
• Mobile can transmit at lower power, reducing interference
to others

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 Quick Paging Channel
(F-QPCH)
• More efficient monitoring of paging channel by mobile, enhancement
to slotted paging
• Mobile monitors QPCH to determine if there is a page forthcoming on
paging channel in its slot (looks at 1-bit paging indicator)
• If no flag, then mobile goes back to sleep; if flag, then mobile
monitors appropriate slot and decodes general page message
• Without QPCH, mobile must monitor regular paging channel slot and
decode several fields to determine whether page is for it or not; this
drains mobile batteries quickly

The main purpose of QPCH is to save mobile battery life.

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

 The End!

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION