Cells
Chapter 2
Objective:
? How cells work?
? Part and their function inside cells
? Order of cells 🡪 organism
Plant, Animals,
Human,
Decomposers
Nervous system,
digestive systems
Immune system
Digestive (stomach, liver)
Nervous (brain, spinal cord,
nerves)
Skeletal (bones) skeletal muscle,
cardiac muscle, and
smooth muscle, neurons
Cells structure
? the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and
consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.
? Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or
prokaryotic.
Imagine it like: Factories
Insert raw material
Process to made molecules
Transport it to other places
Types of Cells:
? Stem cells.
? Red blood cells.
? White blood cells. Neutrophils. Eosinophils. Basophils. Lymphocytes.
? Platelets.
? Nerve cells.
? Neuroglial cells.
? Muscle cells. Skeletal muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells.
? Cartillage cells.
Tools to see the cells:
- Light microscope (1000x magnification)
- Electron microscope (2000x magnification)
? X --> spoken times
Cells consist of: protoplasm
? Cell membrane
? Cytoplasm
? nucleus
Name of parts Function
Nucleus Contain Chromosomes or genes, control activity of the cells (growth and
repair worn out parts)
Cell Membrane It is the partially-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. The cell
membrane plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific
substances within the cell
made up from protein and lipids
Cytoplasm Place for activities occurs and contain organells
Places between nucleus and cell membrane
Nucleus
? Nuclear envelope: separates nucleus and cytoplasm
? Nucleoplasm: dense material within the nucleus
? Nucleolus: part making protein in cells
? Chromatin: made up by protein and contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Name of parts Function, made, Characteristic
Cell Wall
Smooth Reticulum
endoplasmic
Rough RE
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Process from RE to GOLGI 🡪 secrete out
Review
1. Control Activity inside cells
2. first barrier from pathogen that want to enter the cells
3. Mitochondria uses ….
4. Organells that do for Synthesis protein..
5. Packaging role in cells
6. Contain Green pigment …
7. Differences between cell walls and cell membrane
8. uses of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Animal cells
Mention 4
organells
that can you
draw from
this picture
of cells
C
A
Mention 4
organells
that can you
draw from
this picture
of cells
A
D
C
small structure made of microtubules which exists as part of the centrosome, which helps
organize microtubules in the body / cell division. A centriole is the main unit that creates and
anchors microtubules in the cell / cells division.
Centriols
Made a differentiation between plant cells and
animal cells
Plant cells Animal cells
Cells wall Doesn’t have
Chloroplast Doesn’t have
Doesn’t have Centriols
Large vacuole Small Vacoule
Specialised Cells, tissue and organ
? New cells made from process of cells division
? New cells may develop special structures / lose certain structures
? This we called as Differentiation (when cells becomes specialized for specific function
How Process of new cells
made?
Cells structure Adaptation to function
Red blood cells Contain Haemoglobin + Oxygen 🡪 transport to round our body
Biconcave shape
Take in and release oxygen faster rate
Lack of nucleus to store more haemoglobin
Xylem Vessels Long hollow tubes from root to leaves
Narrow and no crosswalls to obstruct water flow through lume
Don’t have protoplasm 🡪 To offer resistance to water flow
Walls thickened with lignin (woody substances)
Root Hair Cells Long and narrow root hair
Increases of surface area to volume ratio of cells
Made water and mineral salts absorbed faster
Name How it works
Tissue Simple Group of cells with similar structure, working together to perform specific
function
Skin tissue, epidermis plant (leavesm stem, roots) and mesophyll tissue
Complex Blood : red, white, platelets, plasma
Xylem: vessels and deadcells
Phloem: sieve of tubes and companion cells
Organ Group of more than one tissue, working together for specific function
Gland tissue: secretes enzyme to digest food
Muscula tissue: churn the food and mixed with enzyme
Nervous: detects presence of the food in stomach
Plants:
Mesophyll tissue: carry out photosynthesis
Xylem: transport water and mineral to leaves to enable photosynthesis
Phloem: transportation system
Organ system Several organ working together for common purpose
Digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system, transport system
Organism Various system together make up entire body
