TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Chapter I : Introduction to
Tourism Policy, Planning and
Development
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Tourism (a flashback)
• Definition:
– Tourism
– Tourist
– Excursionist
• Classification of Tourism
• Forms of Tourism (attractions)
• What drive people to travel? (push vs. pull factors)
• Stakeholders in Tourism
• Impacts of tourism (positive vs. negative)
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Tourism and Tourist

• Tourism is the act of travel for the purpose of recreation
and business, and the provision of services for this act.
• Tourists are persons who are "travelling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place visited“ (official
UNWTO definition).
• A more comprehensive definition would be that tourism
is a service industry.
• Excursionist : A traveller on a brief trip, typically not
involving an overnight stay away from home
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Tourism Classification
• Inbound international tourism : Visits to a country by non-
resident of that country
• Outbound international tourism : Visits by the residents
of a country to another country
• Internal tourism : Visits by residents of a country to their
own
• Domestic tourism : Inbound international tourism +
internal tourism
• National tourism : Internal tourists + outbound
international tourism
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Forms of Tourism
• Mass tourism
– Leisure tourism
– Business travels
– VFR
• Special forms of Tourism (next slide)
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism

• Adventure tourism : tourism involving travel in rugged
regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering
and hiking (tramping).
• Agrotourism : farm based tourism, helping to support the
local agricultural economy.
• Ancestry tourism : (also known as genealogy tourism) is
the travel with the aim of tracing one's ancestry, visiting
the birth places of these ancestors and sometimes
getting to know distant family.
• Armchair tourism and virtual tourism : not travelling
physically, but exploring the world through internet,
books, TV, etc.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Bookstore Tourism is a grassroots effort to support
independent bookstores by promoting them as a travel
destination.
• Cultural tourism : includes urban tourism, visiting
historical or interesting cities, such as Berlin, London,
Paris, Delhi, Rome, Prague, Beijing, Kyoto, Warsaw, and
experiencing their cultural heritages. This type of tourism
may also include specialized cultural experiences, such
as art museum tourism where the tourist visits many art
museums during the tour, or opera tourism where the
tourist sees many operas or concerts during the tour.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Dark tourism : is the travel to sites associated with death
and suffering.
• Disaster tourism : travelling to a disaster scene not
primarily for helping, but because it is interesting to see.
It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair
work.
• Drug tourism : for use in that country, or, legally often
extremely risky, for taking home.
• Ecotourism : sustainable tourism which has minimal
impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya),
Rainforests (Belize) and hiking (Lapland), or national
parks.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Educational tourism : may involve travelling to an
education institution, a wooded retreat or some other
destination in order to take personal-interest classes,
such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts
classes.
• Gambling tourism : e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas,
Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the
casinos there.
• Heritage tourism : visiting historical (Athens, Cracow) or
industrial sites, such as old canals, railways,
battlegrounds, etc.
• Health tourism : usually to escape from cities or relieve
stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to
"health spas".
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Hobby tourism : tourism alone or with groups to
participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar
interests, or to experience something pertinent to the
hobby. Examples might be garden tours, ham radio
DXpeditions, or square dance cruises.
• Inclusive tourism : tourism marketed to those with
functional limits or disabilities. Referred to as "Tourism
for All" in some regions. Destinations often employ
Universal Design and Universal Destination
Development principles.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Medical tourism :
– for what is illegal in one's own country, e.g. abortion, euthanasia;
for instance, euthanasia for non-citizens is provided by Dignitas
in Switzerland.
– for advanced care that is not available in one's own country
– in the case that there are long waiting lists in one's own country
– for use of free or cheap health care organisations
• Perpetual tourism : wealthy individuals always on
vacation; some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being
resident in any country.
• Sex tourism : travelling solely for the purpose of sexual
activity, usually with prostitutes
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Special Forms of Tourism (cont) :

• Sport tourism : skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular
ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is
vacationing at the winter home of the tourist's favorite
baseball team, and seeing them play everyday.
• Space tourism : go to space using rocket for vacation
and experience.
• Vacilando is a special kind of wanderer for whom the
process of travelling is more important than the
destination.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Travel Motivation
• Push Factors (individual)
– Stress
– Being with family and friends
– Escapism
– Rehabilitation
– Relaxation

• Pull Factors (destination)

– Sight-seeing
– Shopping
– Sports
– Culture
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Stakeholder in Tourism
• Government
• Industry players
• Local Communities
• Associations
• Media
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Impacts of Tourism
• Economic impacts :
• Social-cultural impacts :
• Environmental impacts :
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

What Is Policy ?

• ‘A staging post from which intellectual provisions may be drawn

for a further journey’ (Considine, 1994).

• ‘A position, strategy, action or product adopted by government

and arising from contests between different ideas, values and
interests’ (Bridgman and Davis, 2004).
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Characteristics of Policy

• Policy involves government, although the extent and nature

of government involvement in policy-making varies
dramatically from large-scale infrastructure funding and
construction to minor ‘watchdog’ or monitoring status.
• Policy is a state intention or commitment to undertake a
particular action or bring about change (Levin, 1997). It
involves a course of action that has been legitimated by
government, even if government has not been wholly
responsible for the development or that policy position.
• Policy involves hypothesizing about future circumstances
and what conditions might be best to achieve a certain
outcome (Bridgman & Davis, 2004). Implicit in this
characteristics is the notion that policy involves choice and
decision-making.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Characteristics of Policy (cont) :

• Policy is any action that brings about an effect or outcome or

an allocation or redistribution of resources, and it involves
an intervention of some kind (Levin, 1997) or a decision not
to intervene.
• Policy is an organizational practice or response to an issue
or situation. This organizational practice does not
necessarily sot wholly within government and could involve
government and non-government sectors in the collaborative
processes of policy development.
• Policy is fundamentally about the choices that are made by
governments and their policy collaborators and the
expression of that choice through policy documents and
actions (Bridgman & Davis, 2004).
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Characteristics of Policy (cont) :

• Policy involves mediating the values and interests of a wide

range of stakeholders with an interest in the policy issue and
is inherently political. Accordingly, there is an element of
politics in all policies (Colebatch, 2002).
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

What Is Planning ?

• ‘As an organised thinking toward evolving a way to achieve

something or solve problems’.

• ‘A rational methodological process with intelligence and

insight to prepare and evaluate the best alternative for actions
to be taken in order to evolve towards a desired future’.

• ‘A process to determining appropriate future action through a

sequence of choices’.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Why Plan ?
1. Limited Resources
Efficiency
• The desire for careful management of resources (reducing waste,
greatest return from employment of resources).
Rationality
• Using data and techniques to support reasoning, for better
understanding of problems.

2. Complexes of environment

Every components interact each others.

Any action create network effect.

3. Pressure to make fast decision

Man’s world is built from decision. It is the purpose of planning to

help in making decisions.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Types Of Planning :

• Economic Development Planning

• Physical Landuse Planning
• Infrastructure Planning
• Social Facility Planning
• Park and Conservation Planning
• Corporate Planning
• Urban and Regional Planning
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Definition Of Tourism Planning :

• ‘A process based on research and evaluation, which seeks to

optimise the potential contribution of tourism to human welfare
and environmental quality’ (Getz, 1987).

• ‘Planning is concerned with anticipating and regulating change

in a system, to promote orderly development so as to increase
the social, economic and environmental benefits of the
development process. To do this, planning becomes an
ordered sequence of operations, designed to lead to the
achievement of either a single goal or to a balance between
several goals (Hall, 1970).
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

The Importance Of Planning Tourism

• Modern tourism is still a relatively new type of activity in many

areas, and some governments and the private sector have little or
no experience in how to properly develop it. A tourism plan and
development program can provide guidelines in those areas for
developing this sector.
• Tourism is complicated, multi-sectoral, and fragmented activity,
involving other sectors. Planning and project development
coordination and particularly necessary to ensure that all these
elements are developed in an integrated manner to serve tourism as
well as general needs.
• Much of tourism is essentially selling a product of an experience
comprised of visitor use of certain facilities and services. These
must be careful matching of the tourist markets and products
through the planning process, but without compromising
environmental and sociocultural objectives in meeting market
demands.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

The Importance Of Planning Tourism

• Tourism can bring various direct and indirect economic benefits

that can best be optimized through careful and integrated planning.
Without planning, these benefits may be not fully realized and
economic problem can arise.
• Tourism can generate various sociocultural benefits and problems.
Planning can be used as a process for optimizing the benefits and
preventing or lessening the problems, and especially for
determining what is the best tourism development policy to
preclude sociocultural problems and to utilize tourism as a means
to achieve cultural conservation objectives.
• The development of tourists attractions, facilities, and infrastructure
and tourist movements generally have positive and negative
impacts on the physical environment. Careful planning is required
to determine the optimum type and level of tourism that will not
result in environmental degradation and to utilize tourism as a
means to achieve environmental conservation objectives.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

The Importance Of Planning Tourism

• There is much justifiable concern expressed today about

development of any type, including tourism being sustainable. The
right type of planning can ensure that the natural and cultural
resources for tourism are indefinitely maintained and not destroyed
or degraded in the process of development.
• Like any type of modern development, forms of tourism change
somewhat through time, based on changing market trends and
other circumstances. Planning can be used to upgrade and
revitalize existing outmoded or badly developed tourism areas, and,
through the planning process, new tourism areas can be planned to
allow for future flexibility of development.
• Tourism development requires particular mainpower skills and
capabilities for which there must be appropriate education and
training. Satisfying these mainpower needs requires careful
planning and programming and, in many cases, developing
specialized training facilities.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

The Importance Of Planning Tourism

• Achieving controlled tourism development requires special

organizational structures, marketing strategies and promotion
programs, legislation and regulations, and fiscal measures that
through the comprehensive and integrated planning process can be
related closely to tourism policy and development.
• Planning provides a rational basis for development staging and
project programming, which are important for both the public and
private sectors to utilize in their investment planning.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)
Tourism Planning Components :

Domestic & International

Tourist Market Groups

Tourist
Attractions and
Activities

Transportation Accommodation

Natural And
Socioeconomic
Environment

Other Tourist
Other
Facilities And
Infrastructure
Services

Institutional
Elements

Residents’ Use Of Tourist

Attractions And Facilities
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

Defining Tourism in a Policy and Planning Context

• Tourism involves the movement of people and resources.

• Tourism is characterized by a collection of government, businesses,
activities and processes that assist people to make decisions about
travel.
• Tourism involves the production and consumption of a range of
tangible (e.g. tourism products) and intangible (e.g. sense of place)
resources.
• Tourism overlaps and intersects with the daily lives of local
communities.
• Tourism involves the production and consumption of tourist
experience.
• Tourism produces a range of intended and unintended
consequences and effects that need to be critically examined and
managed.
TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (GHZL 4013)

References :

1. Dredge, D & Jenkins, J. 2007. Tourism Planning and Policy. Sydney:

John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.
2. Johan Afendi Ibrahim & Mohamad Zaki Ahmad. 2012. Perancangan
dan Pembangunan Pelancongan (Edisi Kedua). Sintok: Universiti
Utara Malaysia.
3. Inskeep, E. 1991. Tourism Planning : An Integrated And Sustainable
Development Approach, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
4. Pearce, D. 1989. Tourism Development, Second Edition, Longman.
5. McLoughlin, J.B. 1969. Urban And Regional Planning, A System
Approach, Bristol, Britain.