LECTURE FOUR:

Public Speaking

“One of the Most

Important Aspects
to be Successful in
Your Research,
Your Job and Your
Career.
 Public Speaking
 What is speaking?
 What is public speaking?

 What are the challenges of public speaking?

 What makes a good speaker?
 How does a speaker prepare for the Q & A
session?
 What are the characteristics of an effective
speech?
 Public speaking: Challenges

 Anxiety/fear
Overcoming Speech Anxiety

 Practice, Practice, Practice

 Simulate Setting at Home
 Ask Friends to Be Practice Audience
 Visualize Your Success
 Use Deep-breathing Techniques
 Focus on Message, not Fear
 Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk
 Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech Anxiety (How)

 Symptoms of Speech Anxiety:

– Nervous when asked to give a speech? Before speech your heart is
racing? Are you fearful that you will begin to shake? Are you fearful that
your words will somehow be lost? Are you afraid that you are not going to
be understood?
 Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech Anxiety (How)

 Skills Training
– Do practice your speech at home

– Do forget about forgetting

– Breathe slowly and deeply before/during speech
– Keep your body relaxed
 Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech Anxiety (How)

 Skills Training
– Do memorize your first and last few
sentences
– Do divert your nervous energy into helpful
gestures and movements, do not repress
your nervousness
– Don’t fumble with a pencil, watch, or ring
while you speak
– Don’t speak too rapidly
 What Makes an Effective Speaker?
 Control of information
 The voice used

 The right words

 Use of body language
 Prompts, scripts and notes
 The right location
 Useful and meaningful visual aids
 The Voice
C: Clear – the use of simple, easily understood
words and phrases

L: Loud (enough) – it is important that everyone can

hear you
A: Assertive – a bright and confident air born of
knowledge of the subject and good preparation

P: Pause – it is essential to allow the listeners time

to digest what you have said
 Use the right words
What you say, and how you say it,
is the key to a successful presentation:
P – state your position or point

R – explain your ideas

E – use examples

P – restate your position or point

Understand/Scanning the Audience
 The speech goes into two groups-speaker and
audience.
Factors to consider:
 Use of visual aids-it can give more interest and
more impacts.
 Knowing the ages
 Knowing social-economic status
 Level of education-professions, semi literate
 Consider religion-avoiding offending them
 Consider values of the community

Significance: Audience will determine the language to

use, topic etc.
Understand & Define Your Purpose

 Inform
 Inspire / Persuade
 Entertain
 Introduce
 Accept
 Speech Making Process

1) Choosing/Narrowing a Topic
2) Researching Topic
3) Organizing Your Speech
4) Developing an Outline
5) Rehearsing Speech
6) Delivering Speech
 1. Choosing/Narrowing an Appropriate Topic
 Is It Important to You?
 Is It Important to Your Audience?
 Will It Hold Audience’s Attention?
 Is It Manageable in the Time Available?
 Is It Appropriate for Oral Presentation?
 Is It Clear?
2. Researching Topic: Sources of
Supporting Material
 Libraries
– Books
– Periodicals
– Newspapers
– Reference Materials
– CD-ROM Data Bases
– Government Documents
2. Researching Topic: Types of
Supporting Material
 Common Knowledge
 Direct Observation
 Examples & Illustrations
 Explanations & Descriptions
 Documents
 3. Organizing Your Speech
 Chronological-systematically in steps from beginning to the
end. E.g. intro, main points,concl
 Topical-is when you divide your speech into
topic/subheading to speak about.e.g. government-
Executive, Legislature, Judiciary
 Spatial-describing things bottom to top or top to bottom. Left
to right North to South. it is a directional pattern.
 Cause-Effect-you talk about the cause then the effects.
 Problem-Solution-speech is divided into problem
identification to solution of the problem.
 Comparison- Contrast-you talk about the similarities then
the differences.
 Climatic order-speech is divided accord.to order of
importance e.g.uses of water-social use, economic use,
political importance etc.
 4.Developing Outline:Types of Outlines
 Preliminary Outline (Rough-Draft)
– Main points to research
 Preparation Outline

 Title & Topic

 Purpose
 Introduction
 Main and Sub-Points
 Transitions
 Conclusion
 Support/Evidence

 Speaker’s Outline
– Introduction
– Main Point
– Support
– Transitions, Conclusion
5. Rehearsing speech:
1. Rehearse The Content
The first rehearsal is for the content. The first time, just
try to get the words out. Don’t worry about what
actors call ‘blocking’ — how you might move around.
Just get the words out.
2. The Logical Structure Rehearsal
 Audiences today expect speakers to do more than
simply read from a script or PowerPoint slide deck.
They expect a more intimate conversation.
3. Rehearse The Non-verbal Conversation
 The third rehearsal is for the non-verbal ‘conversation’. Now that you’ve
got your content stable, work on finding out how you’re going to stand, to
move, and where during the speech you need to do what.
5. Rehearsing speech
4. Rehearse The Emotions
The fourth rehearsal is for the emotional journey. A good
speech takes its audience on an emotional as well as an
intellectual journey.
5. The Walk-Through Rehearsal
Rehearse the walk during the speech delivery.
6. The Opening Rehearsal
The openings of speeches are incredibly important for
setting the mood, the audience expectations, and the
energy level in the house. Rehearse the opening.
7. The Dress Rehearsal
Dress rehearsals should follow the script just as if they were the real
thing. The only difference is that there is no audience, or only a
small one.
 6. Delivering speech: Parts of speech
 Introduction –Say what you are going to speak.
How?

 Body –Say it. How?

 Conclusion –give the audience a take home

assignment. Tell them what you told them. How?
6. Delivering Speech: Types of Introductions
 Anecdotal Story
 Rhetorical Question
 Quotation
 Humor
 Identification with Audience
 Reference to Situation
 Statement of Purpose
 Statement of Importance of Topic
 Surprise Audience with Claim or Statistic
 greeting the audience in their mother tongue.
 establish credibility –show the audience that you are well
qualified. ““So
So there
there II was
was at
at the
the summit
summit
of
of Mt.
Mt. Killimanjaro,
Killimanjaro, andand II
turned
turned to
to the
the guide
guide and
and said…”
said…”
SPEECH: Functions of Introductions

 Get Attention of the audience

 Introduce Topic
 Provide Motivation
 Establish Credibility
 Preview Speech
SPEECH: Types of Conclusions
 Anecdote
 Rhetorical Question
 Quotation
 Humor

Remember what Dwight D.

Eisenhower once said: “Things are
more like they are now, than they
have ever been before.”
 SPEECH: Types of Conclusions

 Summary
 Quotation
 Personal Reference
 Challenge to Audience
 Offer Vision of the Future
SPEECH: Functions of Conclusions

 Summarize Speech
 Reemphasize Main Idea
 Motivate Response
 Provide Closure
SPEECH:Modes/Methods of Delivery of Speech

 Manuscript Reading-written speech, you read

already written speech.
 Memorized-crammed speech
 Impromptu-speech delivered without any
preparation.
 Extemporaneous-a written speech but a speaker
may go beyond/outside the speech making
emphasis on some points. You can edit or change
the speech accord. to the audience you have.
SPEECH: Delivering Speech - Beginning

 Walk Calmly with Confidence to

Front
 Establish Eye Contact
 Smile Naturally
 Deliver Introduction
 SPEECH: Beginning
 Start with a proper GREETING to the judges and
audience

 ORGANISE your speech into three basic

parts
 Attractive -INTRODUCTION
 Meaningful - MAIN SPEECH
 Clear & Crisp -CONCLUSION

29 Matter
 Speech: Beginning
 MAKE the introduction BRIEF but
ATTENTION GATHERING

 OPEN your speech with any one of the

four techniques :
 Quotation
 Example
 Definition
 Humour ( HUMOUR is little difficult to deliver ;
unless you are good at telling jokes, DON’T try
this technique )
30 Matter
Delivering Speech - During

 Use Effective Eye Contact

 Use Effective Language
 Use Effective Gestures
 Be Enthusiastic
 Use Conversational Style
 Use Notes As Needed
 Delivering Speech-During
 USE correct pronunciation
 USE the right word as far as possible (You
should have / develop a good vocabulary to do
this)
 PREFER simple sentences. Similarly prefer
direct speech (active voice) to reported speech
(passive voice).
 CREATE word pictures
 Example - say : “My friend Ram”, instead of “a
friend”
 Say : “It is hard as mathematics to me” , not
weakly “it is hard”
32 LANGUAGE
 Delivering speech-During
 USE pauses appropriately (when you make an
important / major point - it will sink into the
minds of your audience well).
AVOID :
 Use of big words to show off jargon, slang &
cliches.
 SMILE at the most friendly face (pretty /
handsome one) you can see in the audience -
if you prefer ! Now begin speaking.
 KEEP your voice at a level that suits the size of
the audience and the hall / room.

33 LANGUAGE
 Presentation Delivery (Who and How and What)
Albert Mehrabian, a well-known communication
theorist, specifies that message impact can be
divided into three factors:
 Body language
– Contributes 55% toward message impact
 Tone of voice
– Contributes 38% toward message impact
 Actual words
– Contributes 7% toward message impact
 Delivering Speech - Ending
 “Frame” the Speech-provide the whole
picture of your speech.
 Pause before Returning to Seat
– But Don’t Ask for Questions

 Accept Applause Graciously